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Insight into kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics of malachite green adsorption onto banana peel adsorbents

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Abstract

This present work was aimed at evaluating the adsorptive properties of banana peel adsorbents, namely chars, hydrochar, activated carbons, and hydrochar activated carbon. The adsorbents were characterized for textural properties, functional groups, and morphology, and the adsorption was performed at varying contact time, concentrations, and temperatures. Hydrochar activated carbon yields an 877 m2/g specific surface area with dye maximum capacity of 582 mg/g at equilibrium concentration of 446 mg/L. Its fragmented surface allows more dye molecules to lodge although the effective diffusion coefficient is small compared to the other banana peel adsorbents. The Langmuir–Freundlich model appeared to fit the equilibrium data well with R2 of 0.988, while the kinetic obeyed the pseudo-second-order model with R2 > 0.914. There is only a slight rise in adsorption with increasing temperature and regeneration using HCl was unable to reclaim the adsorbents’ performance.

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Acknowledgements

This work was part of PE Hock’s thesis for the award of PhD.

Funding

The project is funded in part by UTM-ICONIC Grant No. 09G54.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of Lipids Engineering & Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu-Sina Institute for Scientific & Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bharu, Johor, Malaysia

    Pua Eng Hock, Azrul Nurfaiz Mohd Faizal, Lawal Sirajo & Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

    Pua Eng Hock, Azrul Nurfaiz Mohd Faizal, Lawal Sirajo & Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini

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  1. Pua Eng Hock
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  2. Azrul Nurfaiz Mohd Faizal
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  3. Lawal Sirajo
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  4. Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
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Contributions

PE Hock (PhD Candidate): Conceptualization, methodology, experimental work, analysis, first draft.

ANM Faizal (PhD Candidate): Analysis, review, conceptualization, methodology.

L Sirajo (PhD Candidate): Analysis, review, conceptualization, methodology.

MAA Zaini (Associate Professor): Grant recipient, supervision, conceptualization, review, validation.

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Correspondence to Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini.

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Hock, P.E., Faizal, A.N.M., Sirajo, L. et al. Insight into kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics of malachite green adsorption onto banana peel adsorbents. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04117-9

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