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Palm leaves based biochar: advanced material characterization and heavy metal adsorption study

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Abstract

The current report provides the synthesis and characterization of palm tree leaves biochar (PL-BC) prepared by simple thermal pyrolysis at 550 °C, which was then used for the elimination of lead and chromium from aqueous solution. An advanced material characterization was conducted by XPS, SEM, EDS, and FT-IR for the raw and spent PL-BC. Moreover, detailed surface chemical state analysis and identification of the chemical species was conducted by the XPS. The XPS surface analysis revealed high carbon content 78.5% while the BET surface area was 21.6 m2/g. The surface oxygen content was about 15.7% suggesting the abundance of oxygen functional groups onto the PL-BC. The adsorption results demonstrated that the removal of lead and chromium by PL-BC obeyed to Freundlich model, while kinetics data obeyed to pseudo-second order model. Furthermore, the Freundlich maximum adsorption uptakes for lead and chromium were 79.2 mg/g and 51.9 mg/g, respectively. The reusability studies demonstrated that more than 64% of the initial remediation efficiency of lead and chromium can be achieved after five adsorption/desorption cycles. Moreover, the PL-BC was able to reduce the lead and chromium content from injected actual brackish water of 1 mg/L to the international allowable limits of drinking water (˂50 µg/L). The remediation of lead and chromium by PL-BC was controlled by physical and chemical adsorption processes and dominated by complexation, precipitation, and ion exchange. These outcomes disclose the mechanism of lead and chromium removal by PL-BC and provide a sustainable solution of utilizing agriculture waste in water treatment.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are very grateful to the Environmental Analytical Laboratory staff, Chemistry Department Analytical Laboratories and Advanced Materials Research Laboratory at the University of Sharjah. Authors would also like to thank the core labs staff in Qatar Environment and Energy Research institute (QEERI) at Hamad Bin Khalifa University, namely, Dr. Said Mansour, for the help in material characterization.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the Research Institute of Science and Engineering (RISE) at the University of Sharjah.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Ismail W. Almanassra, Anjaneyulu Chatla, Abdallah Shanableh, Tahar Laoui & Muataz Ali Atieh

  2. Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar

    Yahya Zakaria & Viktor Kochkodan

  3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Abdallah Shanableh

  4. Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Tahar Laoui

  5. Chemical and Water Desalination Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Muataz Ali Atieh

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  1. Ismail W. Almanassra
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Conceptualization: Ismail W. Almanassra, Anjaneyulu Chatla, Muataz Ali Atieh; methodology: Ismail W. Almanassra, Anjaneyulu Chatla; formal analysis and investigation: Ismail W. Almanassra, Anjaneyulu Chatla, Yahya Zakaria; writing—original draft preparation: Ismail W. Almanassra, Anjaneyulu Chatla, Yahya Zakaria; writing—review and editing: Muataz Ali Atieh, Viktor Kochkodan, Abdallah Shanableh, Tahar Laoui; funding acquisition: Muataz Ali Atieh, Abdallah Shanableh, Tahar Laoui; resources: Muataz Ali Atieh, Viktor Kochkodan, Abdallah Shanableh, Tahar Laoui; supervision: Muataz Ali Atieh, Viktor Kochkodan, Abdallah Shanableh, Tahar Laoui. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Almanassra, I.W., Chatla, A., Zakaria, Y. et al. Palm leaves based biochar: advanced material characterization and heavy metal adsorption study. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03590-y

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