Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Biological approaches of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets using Pleurotus sajor caju extract and its in vitro pharmaceutical applications

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In recent times, sources of fungus serve as reducing agents to synthesize nanomaterials for the next generation through efficient, sustainable green chemistry techniques. rGO (reduced graphene oxide) is one of the next-generation nanomaterials used in biomedicine to develop biocompatible materials of nano size. In this investigation, Pleurotus sajor caju extract has been used to synthesize reduced graphene oxide. Analytical techniques including UV–vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR SEM, EDAX, and HR-TEM were used to characterize the Pleurotus sajor caju reduced graphene oxide (PSC-rGO). Thin sheets of PSC-rGO of nano-size were evident from the microscopic analysis. Elemental analysis of PSC-rGO infers the composition of carbon and oxygen as 58.19% and 41.81%, respectively. The synthesized PSC-rGO showed the potential highest growth inhibition of antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.2 ± 0.1), E. coli (9.1 ± 0.3), K. pneumoniae (9.1 ± 0.2), S. pneumoniae (8.2 ± 0.4), and B. cereus (8. 2 ± 0.3 mm) followed by other tested bacteria. When the cell viability (69.7%) decreases at a maximum concentration of PSC-rGO (100 µg/mL), the MTT assay showed concentration-dependent cytotoxic activity against human breast cancer (MCF-7). It is observed that the biosynthesized rGO nanosheets from P. sajor caju extract can be used to formulate nanomedicine.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The date used to support the finding of this study are included within the manuscript.

References

  1. Chen Z, Yan H, Liu T, Niu S (2016) Nanosheets of MoS2 and reduced graphene oxide as hybrid fillers improved the mechanical and tribological properties of bismaleimide composites. Compos Sci Technol 125:47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.01.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Zhao J, Li Q, Miao B, Pi H, Yang P (2020) Controlling long-distance photoactuation with protein additives. Small 16:2000043. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202000043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Chekin F, Singh SK, Vasilescu A, Dhavale VM, Kurungot S, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S (2016) Reduced graphene oxide modified electrodes for sensitive sensing of gliadin in food samples. ACS Sens 1:1462–1470. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6b00608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Xue H, Zhu M, Dong LL, Zhang W, Sun XC, Wang YM, Zhang YS (2022) In-situ synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/aluminium oxide nanopowders for reinforcing Ti-6Al-4V composites. J Alloys Compd 905:164198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Tran DN, Kabiri S, Losic D (2014) A green approach for the reduction of graphene oxide nanosheets using non-aromatic amino acids. Carbon 76:193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.04.067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Quintana M, Vazquez E, Prato M (2013) Organic functionalization of graphene in dispersions. Acc Chem Res 46:138–148. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar300138e

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Chekin F, Teodorescu F, Coffinier Y, Pan GH, Barras A, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S (2016) MoS2/reduced graphene oxide as active hybrid material for the electrochemical detection of folic acid in human serum. Biosens Bioelectron 85:807–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2016.05.095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Chandu B, Mosali VSS, Mullamuri B, Bollikolla HB (2017) A facile green reduction of graphene oxide using Annona squamosa leaf extract. Carbon Lett 21:74–80. https://doi.org/10.5714/CL.2017.21.074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kavinkumar T, Varunkumar K, Ravikumar V, Manivannan S (2017) Anticancer activity of graphene oxide-reduced graphene oxide-silver nanoparticle composites. J Colloid Interface Sci 505:1125–1133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.07.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Chen D, Li L, Guo L (2011) An environment-friendly preparation of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets via amino acid. Nanotechnology 22:325601. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/32/325601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Bose S, Kuila T, Mishra AK, Kim NH, Lee JH (2012) Dual role of glycine as a chemical functionalizer and a reducing agent in the preparation of graphene: an environmentally friendly method. J Mater Chem 22:9696–9703. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2JM00011C

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Salas EC, Sun Z, Lüttge A, Tour JM (2010) Reduction of graphene oxide via bacterial respiration. ACS Nano 4:4852–4856. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn101081t

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Akhavan O, Ghaderi E (2012) Escherichia coli bacteria reduce graphene oxide to bactericidal graphene in a self-limiting manner. Carbon 50:1853–1860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.12.035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Wan W, Zhao Z, Hu H, Gogotsi Y, Qiu J (2013) Highly controllable and green reduction of graphene oxide to flexible graphene film with high strength. Mater Res Bull 48:4797–4803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.08.031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Muthoosamy K, Bai RG, Abubakar IB, Sudheer SM, Lim HN, Loh HS, Manickam S (2015) exceedingly biocompatible and thin-layered reduced graphene oxide nanosheets using an eco-friendly mushroom extract strategy. Int J Nanomedicine 10:1505. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S75213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. De Silva KKH, Huang HH, Joshi RK, Yoshimura M (2017) Chemical reduction of graphene oxide using green reductants. Carbon 119:190–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.04.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Iravani S (2011) Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Green Chem 13:2638–2650. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1GC15386B

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Varma RS (2012) Greener approach to nanomaterials and their sustainable applications. Curr Opin Chem Eng 1:123–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2011.12.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Philip D (2009) Biosynthesis of Au, Ag and Au–Ag nanoparticles using edible mushroom extract. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 73:374–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2009.02.037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Manimaran K, Natarajan D, Balasubramani G, Murugesan S (2022) Pleurotus sajor caju mediated TiO2 nanoparticles: a novel source for control of mosquito larvae, human pathogenic bacteria and bone cancer cells. J Clust Sci 33:1489–1499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-021-02073-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Bhainsa KC, D’souza SF (2006) Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 47:160–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2005.11.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Gurunathan S, Han J, Park JH, Kim JH (2014) An in vitro evaluation of graphene oxide reduced by Ganoderma spp in human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Int J Nanomedicine 9:1783. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S57735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Kathiresan K, Manivannan S, Nabeel MA, Dhivya B (2009) Studies on silver nanoparticles synthesized by a marine fungus, Penicillium fellutanum isolated from coastal mangrove sediment. Colloids Surf B: Biointerface 71:133–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.01.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ahmad A, Mukherjee P, Senapati S, Mandal D, Khan MI, Kumar R, Sastry M (2003) Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 28:313–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7765(02)00174-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Mukherjee P, Ahmad A, Mandal D, Senapati S, Sainkar SR, Khan MI, Sastry M (2001) Fungus-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their immobilization in the mycelial matrix: a novel biological approach to nanoparticle synthesis. Nano lett 1:515–519. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0155274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Gurunathan S, Raman J, Abd Malek SN, John PA, Vikineswary S (2013) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki: a potential cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine 8:4399. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S51881

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Zhou XW, Su KQ, Zhang YM (2012) Applied modern biotechnology for cultivation of Ganoderma and development of their products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 93:941–963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3780-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Alizadeh N, Salimi A, Hallaj R, Fathi F, Soleimani F (2019) CuO/WO3 nanoparticles decorated graphene oxide nanosheets with enhanced peroxidase-like activity for electrochemical cancer cell detection and targeted therapeutics. Mater Sci Eng C 99:1374–1383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.02.048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Kumawat MK, Thakur M, Bahadur R, Kaku T, Prabhuraj RS, Ninawe A, Srivastava R (2019) Preparation of graphene oxide-graphene quantum dots hybrid and its application in cancer theranostics. Mater Sci Eng C 103:109774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.109774

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Bolaños K, Kogan MJ, Araya E (2019) Capping gold nanoparticles with albumin to improve their biomedical properties. Int J Nanomedicine 14:6387. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S210992

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Wang Y, Shi Z, Yin J (2011) Facile synthesis of soluble graphene via a green reduction of graphene oxide in tea solution and its biocomposites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 3:1127–1133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.08.031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Gurunathan S, Han JW, Park JH, Kim E, Choi YJ, Kwon DN, Kim JH (2015) Reduced graphene oxide–silver nanoparticle nanocomposite: a potential anticancer nanotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 10:6257. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S92449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Ding X, Pu Y, Tang M, Zhang T (2022) Environmental and health effects of graphene-family nanomaterials: potential release pathways, transformation, environmental fate and health risks. Nano Today 42:101379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Zhang X, Yin J, Peng C, Hu W, Zhu Z, Li W, Huang Q (2011) Distribution and biocompatibility studies of graphene oxide in mice after intravenous administration. Carbon 49:986–995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.11.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Nanda SS, An SSA, Yi DK (2015) Oxidative stress and antibacterial properties of a graphene oxide-cystamine nanohybrid. Int J Nanomedicine 10:549. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S75768

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Pugazhendhi A, Edison TNJI, Karuppusamy I, Kathirvel B (2018) Inorganic nanoparticles: a potential cancer therapy for human welfare. Int J Pharm 539:104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Prabhu R, Anjali R, Archunan G, Prabhu NM, Pugazhendhi A, Suganthy N (2019) Ecofriendly one pot fabrication of methyl gallate@ ZIF-L nanoscale hybrid as pH responsive drug delivery system for lung cancer therapy. Process Biochem 84:39–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2019.06.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Hariharan D, Thangamuniyandi P, Christy AJ, Vasantharaja R, Selvakumar P, Sagadevan S, Nehru LC (2020) Enhanced photocatalysis and anticancer activity of green hydrothermal synthesized Ag@ TiO2 nanoparticles. Photochem Photobiol B Biol 202:111636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111636

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Munawer U, Raghavendra VB, Ningaraju S, Krishna KL, Ghosh AR, Melappa G, Pugazhendhi A (2020) Biofabrication of gold nanoparticles mediated by the endophytic Cladosporium species: photo degradation, in vitro anticancer activity and in vivo antitumor studies. Int J Pharm 588:119729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119729

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Yu SP, Su XD, Du JL, Wang JL, Gao YD, Zhang L, Liu XG (2018) The cytotoxicity of water-soluble carbon nano tubes on human embryonic kidney and liver cancer cells. New Carbon Mater 33:36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5805(18)60325-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Wang Y, Meng X, Wu H, Bian S, Tong Y, Gao C, Zhu G (2021) Improving permeability and anti-fouling performance in reverse osmosis application of polyamide thin film nanocomposite membrane modified with functionalized carbon nanospheres. Sep Purif Technol 270:118828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Kumar S, Hariharan A, Muthukaruppan A, Roy D, Dinakaran K (2022) Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide reinforced triphenyl pyridine-based polyimide composites having UV shielding and low k properties. Compos Interfaces 29:37–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/09276440.2021.1888619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Abdullahi BO, Ahmed E, Al Abdulgader H, Alghunaimi F, Saleh TA (2021) Facile fabrication of hydrophobic alkylamine intercalated graphene oxide as absorbent for highly effective oil-water separation. J Mol Liq 325:115057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115057

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Bhattacharya G, Sas S, Wadhwa S, Mathur A, McLaughlin J, Roy SS (2017) Aloe vera assisted facile green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide for electrochemical and dye removal applications. RSC Adv 7:26680–26688. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA02828H

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Fayaz AM, Balaji K, Girilal M, Yadav R, Kalaichelvan PT, Venketesan R (2010) Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their synergistic effect with antibiotics: a study against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 6:103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2009.04.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Mosmann T (1983) Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods 65:55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Monks A, Scudiero D, Skehan P et al (1991) Feasibility of a high-flux anticancer drug screen using a diverse panel of cultured human tumor cell lines. J Natl Cancer Inst 83:757–766. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/83.11.757

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Saleem H, Haneef M, Abbasi HY (2018) Synthesis route of reduced graphene oxide via thermal reduction of chemically exfoliated graphene oxide. Mater Chem Phys 204:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.10.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Emiru TF, Ayele DW (2017) Controlled synthesis, characterization and reduction of graphene oxide: a convenient method for large scale production. Egypt J Basic Appl Sci 4:74–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbas.2016.11.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Singh V, Joung D, Zhai L, Das S, Khondaker SI, Seal S (2011) Graphene based materials: past, present and future. Prog Mater Sci 56:1178–1271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.03.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Acik M, Lee G, Mattevi C, Chhowalla M, Cho CYJ (2010) Unusual infrared-absorption mechanism in thermally reduced graphene oxide. Nat Mater 9:840–845. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2858

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Jiao X, Qiu Y, Zhang L, Zhang X (2017) Comparison of the characteristic properties of reduced graphene oxides synthesized from natural graphites with different graphitization degrees. RSC Adv 7:52337–52344. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA10809E

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Kaushal A, Singh V (2020) Effect of filler loading on the shielding of electromagnetic interference of reduced graphene oxide reinforced polypropylene nanocomposites prepared via a twin-screw extruder. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 31:22162–22170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04719-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Yang J, Xia X, He K, Zhang M, Qin S, Luo M, Wu L (2021) Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) using the plant extract of Salvia spinosa and evaluation of photothermal effect on pancreatic cancer cells. J Mol Struct 1245:131064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131064

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Xu C, Shi X, Ji A, Shi L, Zhou C, Cui Y (2015) Fabrication and characteristics of reduced graphene oxide produced with different green reductants. PLoS ONE 10:e0144842. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Gurunathan S, Han JW, Eppakayala V, Kim JH (2013) Microbial reduction of graphene oxide by Escherichia coli: a green chemistry approach. Colloids Surf B 102:772–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.09.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Lingaraju K, Naika HR, Nagaraju G, Nagabhushana H (2019) Biocompatible synthesis of reduced graphene oxide from Euphorbia heterophylla (L.) and their in-vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines. Biotechnol Rep 24:e00376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Minitha CR, Rajendrakumar RT (2013) Synthesis and characterization of reduced graphene oxide. Adv Mat Res 678:56–60. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.678.56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Li C, Zhuang Z, Jin X, Chen Z (2017) A facile and green preparation of reduced graphene oxide using Eucalyptus leaf extract. Appl Surf Sci 422:469–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Meka Chufa B, Abdisa Gonfa B, Yohannes Anshebo T, Adam Workneh G (2021) A novel and simplest green synthesis method of reduced graphene oxide using methanol extracted Vernonia Amygdalina: large-scale production. Adv Condens Matter Phys 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6681710

  61. Jin X, Li N, Weng X, Li C, Chen Z (2018) Green reduction of graphene oxide using eucalyptus leaf extract and its application to remove dye. Chemosphere 208:417–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Thiyagarajulu N, Arumugam S (2021) Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets using leaf extract of lantana camara and its in-vitro biological activities. J Clust Sci 32:559–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-020-01814-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Liu P, Huang Y, Wang L (2013) A facile synthesis of reduced graphene oxide with Zn powder under acidic condition. Mater Lett 91:125–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.09.085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Sousa EO, Miranda CM, Nobre CB, Boligon AA, Athayde ML, Costa JG (2015) Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activities of Lantana camara and Lantana montevidensis extracts. Ind Crops Prod 70:7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Chang Y, Yang ST, Liu JH, Dong E, Wang Y, Cao A, Wang H (2011) In vitro toxicity evaluation of graphene oxide on A549 cells. Toxicol Lett 200:201–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.11.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Nandakumar V, Singh T, Katiyar SK (2008) Multi-targeted prevention and therapy of cancer by proanthocyanidins. Cancer Lett 269:378–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.049

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Chen J, Liu H, Zhao C, Qin G, Xi G, Li T, Chen T (2014) One-step reduction and PEGylation of graphene oxide for photothermally controlled drug delivery. Biomaterials 35:4986–4995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.032

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The first author acknowledges Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, for providing Post-Doctoral Fellowship (SSN-PDF) (Ref. No. SSN CE PDF/2021). The authors also thank the Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai-603110, Tamil Nadu, India, for providing infrastructural facility. This work was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP-2021/388) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

This investigation was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP-2021/388) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India

    Kumar Manimaran & Dhakshinamoorthy Gnana Prakash

  2. Polymer Processing and Polymer Nanomaterials Research Unit, Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand

    Selvaraj Kumar

  3. Department of Petroleum Engineering, Dhaanish Ahmed College of Engineering, Chennai, 601301, India

    Karunanithi Bogeshwaran

  4. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Kholood A. Dahlous & Abdallah A. A. Mohammed

  5. Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si, 31253, Chungchenognam-do, Republic of Korea

    Mani Govindasamy

  6. Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, 243303, Taiwan

    Mani Govindasamy

Authors
  1. Kumar Manimaran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dhakshinamoorthy Gnana Prakash
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Selvaraj Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Karunanithi Bogeshwaran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kholood A. Dahlous
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Abdallah A. A. Mohammed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Mani Govindasamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Kumar Manimaran: investigation, conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft. Dhakshinamoorthy Gnana Prakash and Kholood A. Dahlous: conceptualization, date curation, writing—original draft. Selvaraj Kumar and Mani Govindasamy: formal analysis, data curation. Karunanithi Bogeshwaran and Abdallah A. A. Mohammed: formal analysis, data curation.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kumar Manimaran.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Manimaran, K., Prakash, D.G., Kumar, S. et al. Biological approaches of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets using Pleurotus sajor caju extract and its in vitro pharmaceutical applications. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03457-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03457-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation