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Isolation and characterisation of hemicelluloses from oil palm empty fruit bunches

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Abstract

A reliable hemicellulose extraction method from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) is required for subsequent investigations into its composition and participation in pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion processes. Previous hemicellulose OPEFB research only looked at yield, purity and functional characteristics. In this study, OPEFB extractives were removed followed by hemicellulose A (HA) and B (HB) isolation and characterisation using Fourier-transform infrared, thermogravimetric and ultimate analysis. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was deployed on the extractive-free OPEFB ash. Ethanol-toluene removed 8.2 ± 0.1 wt% extractives from OPEFB, with ethanol only removing another 1.6 ± 0.1 wt% while water extracted a further 5.4 ± 1.1 wt%. Alkaline extraction of OPEFB with 3 M KOH at 40 °C and subsequent centrifugation yielded 28.6 wt% HA, while 8.0 wt% HB was obtained as a precipitate from the supernatant of HA using 95% ethanol. The empirical formula of commercial xylan, a hemicellulose surrogate, and HA and HB were C5H9.5O4.4, C5H9.4O4.1 and C5H9.8O2.9, respectively. FTIR analysis suggests that xylose and arabinose were the main constituents of xylan, HA and HB. The ash content (AC) of HA and HB was ten times greater than xylan (2.7 wt%). EDS analysis suggests that the high AC of HA and HB is attributed to Ca, Mg and Si which could not be effectively removed during extractives removal. Thermogravimetry identified a common decomposition peak at 219 °C confirming the presence of hemicellulose in the isolated HA and HB. Further research is required to refine the extraction protocol to obtain purer OPEFB hemicellulose.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) (FRGS/1/2018/STG05/UNIKL/02/2) of the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Green Chemistry & Sustainable Engineering Technology Cluster, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (UniKL MICET), Lot 1988, Kawasan Perindustrian, Bandar Vendor, Taboh Naning, 78000, Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia

    Musa Idris Tanimu, Muhammad Asnawi bin Abdul Halid & Robert Thomas Bachmann

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Main Campus, Tudun Wada, PMB2021, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria

    Musa Idris Tanimu

  3. Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Soh Kheang Loh

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  1. Musa Idris Tanimu
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Contributions

Musa Idris Tanimu: methodology, investigation, formal analysis, resources and writing original draft; Muhammad Asnawi bin Abdul Halid: investigation, formal analysis and resources; Soh Kheang Loh: investigation, resources, validation, data curation, writing review and editing, supervision and funding acquisition; Robert Thomas Bachmann: conceptualisation, methodology, software, validation, resources, data curation, writing review and editing, supervision, project administration and funding acquisition.

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Tanimu, M.I., Halid, M.A.b.A., Loh, S.K. et al. Isolation and characterisation of hemicelluloses from oil palm empty fruit bunches. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03456-3

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