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The effect of steam on the physicochemical properties of activated carbons based on Ziziphus jujube stones for reactive dye removal

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Abstract

Activated carbons (JSAC45 and JSAC55) were fabricated via both processes of pyrolysis and gasification using steam with burn-off of 45 and 55%. These materials derived from Ziziphus jujube were characterized by the adsorption–desorption of N2, thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with mass spectrophotometer (TGA/MS), electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), Boehm titration, and pHPZC. The specific surface area (SBET) of activated carbons was 953 m2/g for both materials with the predominance of basic character (\({\mathrm{pH}}_{\mathrm{PZC}}\cong 10)\). Then, the prepared carbons were used to adsorb BEZAKTIV Red S-Max (RS). The effect of initial RS concentration (10–100 mg/L), contact time (0–1440 min), pH (2–10), and temperature (25–45 °C) on adsorption capacity of JSAC45 and JSAC55 were examined; and it was revealed that RS dye was well adsorbed at pH = 10. The equilibrium adsorption data suggested that the Langmuir model fitted well the RS dye adsorption, and the pseudo-second-order model best fitted the adsorption kinetic data. The maximum of adsorption capacity of RS onto JSAC55 was 113.3 mg/g. Thermodynamics studies of JSAC45 and JSAC55 indicated that the adsorption process was endothermic, spontaneous, and feasible. The activated carbons were reused after applying the thermal regeneration process. The Ziziphus jujube adsorbents could adsorb industrial wastewater (IW) with an elimination rate of about 40% for both adsorbents. These results confirm that the Ziziphus jujube stones may be considered as an inexpensive and promising precursor for commercial activated carbons production.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Matthieu Debal for his assistance in the biomass conversion process and Zineb Thaminy for her assistance in the English language. They would also like to thank Omar Benkih for providing reactive dye and the textile wastewaters.

Funding

The work was financially supported by the Ecole Normale Superieure Taleb Abderrahmane of Laghouat (Algeria) and the University of Lorraine (France).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire d’Etude Physico-Chimique Des Matériaux Et Application À L’Environnement, Faculté de Chimie, USTHB, BP 32 El-Alia, 16111, Bab Ezzouar, Alger, Algeria

    Mounir Daoud, Oumessaâd Benturki & Zoubida Kecira

  2. Département de Physique, Ecole Normale Supérieure Taleb Abderrahmane de Laghouat, BP 4033 Rue des martyrs – La gare, 03000, Laghouat, Algeria

    Mounir Daoud

  3. Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS - Université de Lorraine 2 Allée André Guinier, Campus Artem, 54000, Nancy, France

    Sébastien Fontana

  4. Université de Lorraine, INRAE, LERMAB, ERBE, F - 88 000, Epinal, France

    Yann Rogaume & Pierre Girods

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  1. Mounir Daoud
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  2. Oumessaâd Benturki
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  3. Zoubida Kecira
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Contributions

MD designed and performed the experiments, derived the models, and interpreted the results. OB and YR supervised the project and were in charge of the overall direction. ZK assisted with FTIR measurements and helped carry out the dye adsorption study. SF characterized the adsorbents with several methods (N2 Adsorption, TGA/SM, and SEM). PG supervised the production of the adsorbents and analyzed them with elemental analysis. MD analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript in consultation with SF and PG.

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Correspondence to Mounir Daoud.

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Daoud, M., Benturki, O., Kecira, Z. et al. The effect of steam on the physicochemical properties of activated carbons based on Ziziphus jujube stones for reactive dye removal. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 9557–9570 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03073-0

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