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Epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid–based palm oil via peracid mechanism as an intermediate product

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Abstract

The world consumption of raw materials has shifted from the use of non-renewable materials to renewable materials. Studies on greener epoxidation by using vegetable oils to produce eco-friendly epoxides have also increased. In this study, the epoxidation of oleic acid was carried out by in situ-produced performic acid. The one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method was used to optimise the epoxidation process for the maximum production of epoxidised oleic acid with respect to oxirane stability as an intermediate product. The OFAT method showed that the optimum process parameters for production of epoxidised oleic acid to the response of relative conversion to oxirane (RCO) and epoxy ring stability at a longer time with the determination of oxirane oxygen content (OOC) was maximum (82%) under following conditions: (1) stirring speed at 350 rpm, (2) reaction temperature at 100 °C, (3) formic acid/oleic acid molar ratio of 2.0:1, and (4) hydrogen peroxide/oleic acid molar ratio of 2.0:1. Overall, a high yield of epoxidised oleic acid production and epoxy ring stability at a longer reaction time was successfully produced from oleic acid as the main raw material. The results showed a good agreement between the simulation and experimental data, validating the kinetic model.

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Abbreviations

FA:

Formic acid

HP:

Hydrogen peroxide

OA:

Oleic acid

EOA:

Epoxidised oleic acid

RCO:

Relative conversion to oxirane

OOC:

Oxygen oxirane content

OFAT:

One factor at a time

PA:

Performic acid

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Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Universiti Teknologi MARA with RMI file no. 600-TNCPI/PBT 5/3 (016/2022)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Johor, 81750, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Malaysia

    Intan Suhada Azmi

  2. Centre of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Mohd Jumain Jalil & Abdul Hadi

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  1. Intan Suhada Azmi
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  2. Mohd Jumain Jalil
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  3. Abdul Hadi
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Correspondence to Intan Suhada Azmi.

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Azmi, I.S., Jalil, M.J. & Hadi, A. Epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid–based palm oil via peracid mechanism as an intermediate product. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 7847–7855 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02862-x

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