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Review on effect of biochar on soil strength: Towards exploring usage of biochar in geo-engineering infrastructure

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Abstract

Biochar is an environment friendly material that has been widely adopted in various fields, such as agricultural, environmental and energy. On the contrary, the use of biochar in geoengineering infrastructure is still rare. The review critically summarizes the influence of biochar on soil strength in the context of geoengineering infrastructure. For an ease of understanding, a new index, biochar strength factor (BSF), has been introduced to assess the strength of biochar amended soils with respect to bare soil (BSF more than unity reflects an increase in strength, whereas BSF less than one indicates a decrease in strength). Further, in the review, a discussion has been put forward about the various pyrolysis production methods of biochar and its influence on physicochemical properties (i.e., particle size, density, porosity, surface area, etc.). Feedstocks and pyrolysis conditions govern physicochemical properties of biochar and alter soil bulk density, porosity, hydrophobicity/ hydrophilicity, aggregate stability, and water retention/holding capacity. Due to high porosity, low density, high compressibility, and water retention capacity, biochar addition is likely to reduce the BSF (decrease in shear, compressive, and tensile strength) for most of soils (except clayey). On the other hand, the biochar strength factor is greater than unity (BSF > 1) for clayey and expansive soil. BSF was found to vary significantly from as low as 0.25 for silty sand to as high as 2.97 for lean clay. However, the inherent mechanism seems yet to be investigated thoroughly. Compared to other cementing and reinforcement materials, the production, cost-effectiveness, and economy are also a matter of research. The future scope for understanding the soil-biochar interaction in geoengineering has been briefly discussed.

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Abbreviations

AWC:

Available water content

BAS:

Biochar amended soils

BET:

Brunauer Emmet Teller

BSF:

Biochar strength factor

CBC:

Cement-based composites

CEC:

Cation exchange capacity

EAB:

Engineered activated biochar

GHGs:

Greenhouse gases

IBI:

International biochar initiative

MAP:

Microwave-assisted pyrolysis

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

pH:

Potential of hydrogen

SBC:

Soil biochar composite

TP:

Terra Preta

WHC:

Water holding capacity

Ar:

Argon

C:

Carbon

Ca:

Calcium

Cu:

Copper

H:

Hydrogen

K:

Potassium

Mg:

Magnesium

N:

Nitrogen

Na:

Sodium

O:

Oxygen

P:

Phosphorous

CH4 :

Methane

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

Cu:

Copper

H2 :

Dihydrogen

H3PO4 :

Phosphoric acid

HCl:

Hydrochloric acid

K2CO3 :

Potassium carbonate

KOH:

Potassium hydroxide

Na2CO3 :

Sodium carbonate

NaOH:

Sodium hydroxide

NO:

Nitrogen oxide

NO2 :

Nitrogen dioxide

NO3 :

Nitrate

SO2 :

Sulphur dioxide

ZnCl2 :

Zinc chloride

C = N:

Nitrites

–C = O:

Ketones

–COOH:

Carboxyl group

–OH:

Hydroxyl group

–COOR:

Ester group

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Acknowledgements

Authors are grateful to Dr Sudipta Ramola for providing her suggestions and input on the role of biochar production and pyrolysis.

Funding

Authors are grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC project no. 41907252) for support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Guangdong Engineering Center for Structure Safety and Health Monitoring, Shantou University, Shantou, China

    Insha Wani & Ankit Garg

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Jammu, India

    Insha Wani & Vinod Kushvaha

  3. School of Ecology and Environment Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir, 803116, Bihar, India

    Rakesh Kumar & Prabhakar Sharma

  4. Active Fault and Earthquake Hazard Mitigation Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea

    Sambit Naik

Authors
  1. Insha Wani
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  2. Vinod Kushvaha
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  3. Ankit Garg
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  4. Rakesh Kumar
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  5. Sambit Naik
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  6. Prabhakar Sharma
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Contributions

First author is responsible for initial draft of manuscript. Second author is responsible for funding and supervision of first author. Third author is responsible for co-supervision, ideation, conceptualization, and drafting of table that contains review of strength of biochar amended soils. Fourth and fifth authors are responsible for revision and adding environmental aspects of biochar. Last author is responsible for overall checking of manuscript and also providing comments and suggestions for improving review of biochar with respect to pyrolysis.

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Correspondence to Ankit Garg.

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Wani, I., Kushvaha, V., Garg, A. et al. Review on effect of biochar on soil strength: Towards exploring usage of biochar in geo-engineering infrastructure. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02795-5

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