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Valorization of the chicken by-product waste with supercritical CO2 inactivation of microbes towards sustainable utilization

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Abstract

There is an increasing concern on the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. The existing practice of chicken by-product waste is to dispose in a landfill. Chicken by-product waste may contain antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Thus, the disposal of chicken by-product waste into the landfill leads to the release of antibiotic-resistant bacteria into the environment. In the present study, the supercritical CO2 (scCO2) technology was utilized to sterilize the chicken by-product waste to ensure safe handling for the subsequent processing towards sustainable utilization of the waste by-product. In addition, the presence of bacteria in the chicken by-product waste and their antibiotic susceptibility were identified. The influence of the scCO2 sterilization on the inactivation of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria in chicken by-product waste was determined with varying pressure (8–40 MPa), temperature (30–80 °C), and treatment time (15–90 min). The experimental conditions of the scCO2 sterilization were optimized based on the maximum log reduction (logCFU/g) of bacteria in sterilized chicken by-product waste. The optimum experimental conditions for the complete inactivation of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria in sterilized chicken by-product waste were scCO2 pressure 18 MPa, temperature 60 °C, and treatment time 45 min. The sterilized chicken by-product waste contains about 50% fat. The findings of the present study would be useful to determine the sustainable utilization of chicken by-product waste with minimizing human health hazards and environmental pollution.

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Funding

The author would like to thank the Division of Research & Innovation, Universiti Sains Malaysia, for providing Short-Term Research Grant (304/PTEKIND/6315313) as a financial support. A.A. Ghfar is grateful to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2021/407), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for the financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia

    Muhammad Khalish Mohammad Ilias, Md. Sohrab Hossain & Mark Harris Zuknik

  2. Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia

    Venugopal Balkakrishnan

  3. Micro-Pollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built & Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Malaysia

    Adel Al-Gheethi

  4. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Ayman A. Ghfar

  5. Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Japan

    Azham Zulkharnain

  6. Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (UniKL-MICET), Lot 1988 Taboh Naning, 78000, Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia

    Ahmad Naim Ahmad Yahaya

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  1. Muhammad Khalish Mohammad Ilias
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  2. Md. Sohrab Hossain
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  3. Mark Harris Zuknik
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  4. Venugopal Balkakrishnan
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  5. Adel Al-Gheethi
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  6. Ayman A. Ghfar
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  7. Azham Zulkharnain
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  8. Ahmad Naim Ahmad Yahaya
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Correspondence to Md. Sohrab Hossain or Venugopal Balkakrishnan.

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Ilias, M.K.M., Hossain, M.S., Zuknik, M.H. et al. Valorization of the chicken by-product waste with supercritical CO2 inactivation of microbes towards sustainable utilization. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 13419–13431 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02454-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02454-9

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