Abstract
The applications of lignocellulosic wastes to produce a wide variety of products, including biochemicals, biomaterials, and biofuels, can be an effective solution for utilizing these valuable waste materials. In this study, the production of furan building blocks from bagasse fibers was investigated by treating unbleached fibers with NMMO, [Bmim]Cl, and TMAH at different temperatures using AlCl3 and CrCl2 as the catalysts. The resulted liquors were extracted with CH2Cl2 to obtain furan rich fraction. Analysis of extracted fractions with GC/MS indicates the production of various furanic compounds due to catalytic solvolysis with different solvents at elevated temperatures. 2(3H)-Furanone and 2-methyl-THF were the main products of catalytic treatment of bagasse fibers with NMMO. Treatment by [Bmim]Cl resulted in 2,5-dihydro furanone as the dominant product at elevated temperatures. Furan carboxylic acid methyl ester and 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester were the main TMAH reaction products with unbleached fibers. The results indicate that the type of solvent affects the solvolysis rate and dehydration of cellulose to furanic compounds. Moreover, increasing the temperature led to an increase in the formation of the furanic compounds.
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Abbreviations
- MF:
-
Methyl furan
- FA:
-
Furanic acid
- NMMO:
-
n-Methyl morpholine oxide
- [Bmim]Cl:
-
1-Butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride
- TMAH:
-
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide
- AlCl3 :
-
Aluminum chloride (III)
- CrCl2 :
-
Chromium chloride (II)
- HMF:
-
Hydroxymethylfurfural
- DMF:
-
Dimethyl furan
- FDCA:
-
Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid
- FF:
-
Furfural
- FCA:
-
Furan carboxylic acids
- PTA:
-
Terephthalic acid
- DMTHF:
-
3-Methyl-tetrahydrofuran
- MFCA:
-
Methylfuran-2-carboxylic acid
- GC/MS:
-
Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
- LAC:
-
1-Hydroxy-3,6-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octan-2-one
- LG:
-
Levoglucosan
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their appreciation to Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) for supporting this research under grant number 87040180.
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This study was supported by the Iran National Science Foundation (87040180).
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Abdulkhani, A., Siahrang, M., Zadeh, Z.E. et al. Direct catalytic conversion of bagasse fibers to furan building blocks in organic and ionic solvents. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 6037–6048 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01592-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01592-w