Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synthesis of Black Phosphorus via a Facile Vapor Transfer Method

  • Original Article - Nanomaterials
  • Published:
Electronic Materials Letters Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Single-layer black phosphorus (BP), known as phosphorene, has recently attracted interest in research due to its exceptional properties, similar to those of other 2D materials. BP is the most stable allotrope of phosphorus with high density. BP can be obtained from other phosphorus allotropes by a number of ways. Due to white phosphorus being highly reactive at ≥ 30 °C, researchers tend to work with red phosphorus (RP). In this work, RP powder was heated under an argon atmosphere inside a muffle furnace along with tin and iodine at sequential temperatures for different times. All elements were placed inside a quartz ampoule evacuated with a vacuum pump. The ampoule was sealed after substituting it with argon gas. This method, known as the vapor transfer method, allows to synthesize BP with a ribbon-like structure. FE-SEM analyses revealed that the morphological structure of BP comprised clearly-stacked sheets. The structural analysis of the as-synthesized BP, conducted by XRD, TEM and Raman, showed the successful transformation of RP into BP.

Graphic Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Edwards, R.S., Coleman, K.S.: Graphene synthesis: relationship to applications. Nanoscale 5, 38–51 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Chavez-Valdez, A., Shaffer, M.S.P., Boccaccini, A.R.: Applications of graphene electrophoretic deposition. a review. J. Phys. Chem. B 117, 1502–1515 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Johra, F.T., Lee, J.-W., Jung, W.-G.: Facile and safe graphene preparation on solution based platform. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 20, 2883–2887 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Johra, F.T., Jung, W.-G.: Fabrication of reduced graphene oxide decorated with CuS nanoparticles and its activity toward the adsorption of methylene blue. J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 82, 503–513 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Meng, Z.-D., Oh, W.-C.: Detection of oxygen species generated from Ag2Se-graphene detection of oxygen species generated from Ag2Se-graphene light driven photocatalytic performance. Korean J. Mater. Res. 27, 255–262 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Chhowalla, M., Shin, H.S., Eda, G., Li, L.-J., Loh, K.P., Zhang, H.: The chemistry of two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. Nat. Chem. 5, 263–275 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Choi, W., Choudhary, N., Han, G.H., Park, J., Akinwande, D., Lee, Y.H.: Recent development of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and their applications. Mater. Today 20, 116–130 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Li, L., Yu, Y., Ye, G.J., Ge, Q., Ou, X., Wu, H., Feng, D., Chen, X.H., Zhang, Y.: Black phosphorus field-effect transistors. Nat. Nano 9, 372–377 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Xia, F., Wang, H., Jia, Y.: Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics. Nat Commun. 5, 4458 (1–6) (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bridgman, P.W.: Two new modifications of phosphorus. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 36, 1344–1363 (1914)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Maruyama, Y., Suzuki, S., Kobayashi, K., Tanuma, S.: Synthesis and some properties of black phosphorus single crystals. Physica B + C 105, 99–102 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Krebs, H., Weitz, H., Worms, K.H.: The structure and properties of semimetals. VIII. The catalytic preparation of black phosphorus. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 280, 119–133 (1955)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Lucent Technologies Inc. Method of making black phosphorus from red phosphorus. In: Baillargeon, J.N., Cheng, K.-Y., Cho, A.Y., Chu, S.-N.G., Hwang, W.-Y. (eds.). US Appl. No.: 09/270,883. Family ID: 23033240

  14. Baba, M., Izumida, F., Takeda, Y., Morita, A.: Preparation of black phosphorus single crystals by a completely closed bismuth-flux method and their crystal morphology. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 28(6), 1019–1022 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Lange, S., Schmidt, P., Nilges, T.: Au3SnP7@ black phosphorus: an easy access to black phosphorus. Inorg. Chem. 46, 4028–4035 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Nilges, T., Kersting, M., Pfeifer, T.: A fast low-pressure transport route to large black phosphorus single crystals. J. Solid State Chem. 181, 1707–1711 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Chen, L., Zhou, G., Liu, Z., Ma, X., Chen, J., Zhang, Z., Ma, X., Li, F., Cheng, H.-M., Ren, W.: Scalable clean exfoliation of high‐quality few‐layer black phosphorus for a flexible lithium ion battery. Adv. Mater. 28, 510–517 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Yuana, Y.-P., Cao, S.-W., Liao, Y.-S., Yin, L.-S., Xue, C.: Red phosphor/g-C3N4 heterojunction with enhanced photocatalytic activities for solar fuels production. Appl. Catal. B 140–141, 164–168 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Sarswat, P.K., Sarkar, S., Cho, J., Bhattacharyya, D., Free, M.L.: Structural and electrical irregularities caused by selected dopants in black-phosphorus. ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 5(11), Q1–Q7 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Lee, H.U., Lee, S.C., Won, J., Son, B.-C., Choi, S., Kim, Y., Park, S.Y., Kim, H.-S., Lee, Y.-C., Lee, J.: Stable semiconductor black phosphorus (BP)@ titanium dioxide (TiO2) hybrid photocatalysts. Sci. Rep. 5, 8691(1–6) (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  21. http://www.hqgraphene.com/Black-Phosphorus.php

  22. Ferrari, A.C., Basko, D.M.: Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene. Nat. Nanotechnol. 8, 235–246 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Zhao, M., Qian, H., Niu, X., Wang, W., Guan, L., Sha, J., Wang, Y.: Growth mechanism and enhanced yield of black phosphorus microribbons. Cryst. Growth Des. 16, 1096–1103 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Kang, J., Wells, S.A., Wood, J.D., Lee, J.-H., Liu, X., Ryder, C.R., Zhu, J., Guest, J.R., Husko, C.A., Hersam, M.C.: Stable aqueous dispersions of optically and electronically active phosphorene. PNAS 113, 11688–11693 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Fuge, G.M., May, P.W., Rosser, K.N., Pearce, S.R.J., Ashfold, M.N.R.: Laser Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of phosphorus containing diamond-like carbon films grown by pulsed laser ablation methods. Diam. Relat. Mater. 13, 1442–1448 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Chan, D.K.L., Yu, J.C., Li, Y., Hu, Z.: A metal-free composite photocatalyst of graphene quantum dots deposited on red phosphorus. J. Environ. Sci. 60, 92–97 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Zhang, X., Xie, H., Liu, Z., Tan, C., Luo, Z., Li, H., Lin, J., Sun, L., Chen, W., Xu, Z., Xie, L., Huang, W., Zhang, H.: Black phosphorus quantum dots. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 3653–3657 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Xu, J.-Y., Gao, L.-F., Hu, C.-X., Zhu, Z.-Y., Zhao, M., Wang, Q., Zhang, H.-L.: Preparation of large size, few-layer black phosphorus nanosheets via phytic acid-assisted liquid exfoliation. Chem. Comm. 52(52), 8107–8110 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea and funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF-2016R1D1A1A09917165), and supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy (No. 20165020301180).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea

    Fatima Tuz Johra & Woo-Gwang Jung

Authors
  1. Fatima Tuz Johra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Woo-Gwang Jung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Woo-Gwang Jung.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Johra, F.T., Jung, WG. Synthesis of Black Phosphorus via a Facile Vapor Transfer Method. Electron. Mater. Lett. 15, 639–644 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13391-019-00162-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13391-019-00162-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation