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Production and Optimization of Hydroxy and Methyl Phenolic Compounds Through Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Hydrogenolysis from Lignin Valorization

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Abstract

The phenol-based antioxidants as free radical scavengers are expected to continue increasing as additives in industries. As an antioxidant, lignin has low oxidative stability in pure solid form, so stabilization is needed to produce lignin-based antioxidants. This research focuses on the valorization of alkaline lignin by hydrogenolysis using a Pt/C catalyst and formic acid as a hydrogen donor. Three treatment variables, namely the amount of formic acid (FA), the amount of ethanol (EtOH), and radiation time (T), were observed for their contribution to the three responses, namely the total phenol content (TPC), the degree of depolymerization (DD), and the IC50 value of DPPH as an antioxidants activity. This study found that the best results were obtained at operating conditions FA, EtOH, and T 5 mL, 100 mL, 3 min in sequence, producing TPC, DD, and IC50 worth 4792,055 mg/ L, 23.650%, and 35.860 mg/L, respectively. The results were optimized using the response surface methodology with the Design Expert 11 program with the optimized result being FA, EtOH, and T 10 mL, 100 mL, 3 min consecutively and resulted in TPC, DD, and IC50 of 4987.12 mg/L, 26.451%, and 33.865 mg/L, respectively. The results of this study indicate that OPFEB is a source of lignin that has the potential to produce phenolic compounds, which are sources of renewable fine chemicals based on biomass.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Talent Management of the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) for supporting the first author in the Post-Doctoral Research Program. The authors also acknowledge the facilities and scientific and technical support from the National Research and Innovation Agency through e-Layanan Sains, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia and Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education financial support through the research grant “Riset Inovasi untuk Indonesia Maju” (RIIM) 2022 (contract number: 97/IV/KS/11/2022). The authors also gratefully acknowledged the financial support for publication by the National Research and Innovation Agency financial support through the research grant “Rumah program Energi Terbarukan Organisasi Riset Energi dan Manufaktur” (RP ET OREM) 2023. (Contract number: 13/III.3/HK/2022).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Process and Manufacturing Industry Technology, Research Organization for Energy and Manufacture, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, 15314, Indonesia

    Muhammad Arif Darmawan, Hens Saputra, Sri Djangkung Sumbogo Murti, Herman Hidayat & Heri Heriyanto

  2. Research Centre for Biomass Valorization, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 16424, Indonesia

    Muhammad Yusuf Arya Ramadhan, Tania Surya Utami & Misri Gozan

  3. Research Center of Chemistry, Research Organization for Nanotechnology and Material, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, 15314, Indonesia

    Muryanto

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Trunojoyo Madura, East Java, 69162, Indonesia

    Nizar Amir

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  1. Muhammad Arif Darmawan
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Contributions

M.A Darmawan, M.Y.A Ramadhan, and M. Gozan are the main contributors who conceptualized, designed, and wrote this work. H. Hidayat and Muryanto supported obtaining the lignin extraction data from OPFEB. N. Amir and H. Heriyanto supported the production of phenolic compounds. H. Saputra and S.D.S Murti supported the interpretation and analysis of the data. T.S Utami supported for statistical analysis.

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Darmawan, M.A., Ramadhan, M.Y.A., Saputra, H. et al. Production and Optimization of Hydroxy and Methyl Phenolic Compounds Through Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Hydrogenolysis from Lignin Valorization. Arab J Sci Eng 49, 8425–8441 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-08897-8

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