Abstract
To avoid any interruption of service and considering economic issues, strengthening of existing columns usually occurs while the member is under service loads. One of the important issues being neglected in the redesign process of retrofitted columns is the effects of significant axial load existing in the columns. This paper presents a numerical study to investigate the behavior and the ultimate bearing capacity of box shaped steel columns reinforced with continuous welded plates while under load. In the first phase of the study, it is intended to evaluate the variation of results with respect to the existing design relations. For this purpose, the ultimate bearing capacity of un-preloaded models is assumed to be in accordance with the selected design code and the corresponding geometric imperfection for each model is defined using several analyses to reach the values obtained with the design code, for further studies. In the second phase, the magnitude of initial imperfection is set to 1/500 of the studied columns. In both phases, the effect of magnitude of existing preload on ultimate bearing capacity is investigated considering two influential parameters, namely the slenderness ratio of the column and the ratio between cross sectional area of the column and reinforcing plates. Results show that by increasing the preload magnitude, the ultimate bearing capacity of reinforced columns with identical reinforcing plates, decreases. This reduction is more notable for the columns with median slenderness ratios. However, as the magnitude of preload increases, the effect of slenderness ratio on the reduction of ultimate bearing capacity becomes more evident. Also, it is found that by using a fixed imperfection ratio of L/500, even for un-preloaded models the ultimate bearing capacity of the strengthened column will be less than the values calculated as per the selected design code. Finally, an empirical relation is proposed to calculate reduction of ultimate bearing capacity for columns affected from various preload level considering different slenderness ratios.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
30 September 2017
An erratum to this article has been published.
References
ANSI/AISC360-10 (2010). Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-10). American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), Chicago-Illinois.
Bambach, M. R., H. H. Jama and M. Elchalakani (2009). “Axial capacity and design of thin-walled steel SHS strengthened with CFRP.” Thin-Walled Structures 47(10), pp. 1112–1121.
Ban, H., G. Shi, Y. Shi and Y. Wang (2012). “Overall buckling behavior of 460MPa high strength steel columns: Experimental investigation and design method.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 74, pp. 140–150.
Brown, J. H. (1988). “Reinforcing loaded steel compression members.” Engineering Journal, 25(4).
Bruneau, M., C.-M. Uang and S. E. R. Sabelli (2011). Ductile design of steel structures, McGraw Hill Professional.
Chandrupatla, T. R., A. D. Belegundu, T. Ramesh and C. Ray (1997). Introduction to finite elements in engineering, Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River.
Haedir, J. and X.-L. Zhao (2011). “Design of short CFRPreinforced steel tubular columns.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 67(3), pp. 497–509.
Hui, C., W. Cao, Y. Wang and B. Wang (2014). “Experimental and Simulation Studies on the Seismic Performance of I-section Steel-Concrete Composite Columns.” Advances in Structural Engineering, 18(2), pp. 251–268.
Kalavagunta, S., S. Naganathan and K. N. Bin Mustapha (2013). “Proposal for design rules of axially loaded CFRP strengthened cold formed lipped channel steel sections.” Thin-Walled Structures, 72, pp.14–19.
Kim, C.-S., H.-G. Park, K.-S. Chung and I.-R. Choi (2013). “Eccentric axial load capacity of high-strength steelconcrete composite columns of various sectional shapes.” Journal of Structural Engineering, 140(4), 04013091.
Kim, S.-E. and D.-H. Lee (2002). “Second-order distributed plasticity analysis of space steel frames.” Engineering Structures, 24(6), pp. 735–744.
Liu, Y. and L. Gannon (2009). “Finite element study of steel beams reinforced while under load.” Engineering Structures, 31(11), pp. 2630–2642.
Lui, E. M. and W. F. Chen (1987). Structural stability: theory and implementation, Elsevier.
Marzouk, H. and S. Mohan (1990). “Strengthening of wideflange columns under load.” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 17(5), pp. 835–843.
Ong, K. and J. Kang (2004). “Jacketing of preloaded steel columns.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 60(1), pp. 109–124.
Patton, M. L. and K. D. Singh (2013). “Buckling of fixedended lean duplex stainless steel hollow columns of square, L-, T-, and+-shaped sections under pure axial compression—a finite element study.” Thin-Walled Structures, 63, pp. 106–116.
Pavlovčič, L., B. Froschmeier, U. Kuhlmann and D. Beg (2012). “Finite element simulation of slender thin-walled box columns by implementing real initial conditions.” Advances in Engineering Software, 44(1), pp. 63–74.
Rao, N. N. and L. Tall (1962). Columns reinforced under load, Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Lehigh University.
Salmon, C. G., J. E. Johnson and F. A. Malhas (2009). Steel structures: design and behavior, Prentice Hall.
Seif, M. and T. McAllister (2013). “Stability of wide flange structural steel columns at elevated temperatures.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 84, pp. 17–26.
Shi, G., W. Zhou, Y. Bai and C. Lin (2014). “Local buckling of 460MPa high strength steel welded section stub columns under axial compression.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research 100, pp. 60–70.
Tall, L. (1989). “The reinforcement of steel columns.” Engineering Journal, 26(1), pp. 33.
Theofanous, M. and L. Gardner (2009). “Testing and numerical modelling of lean duplex stainless steel hollow section columns.” Engineering Structures, 31(12), pp. 3047–3058.
Tide, R. (1990). “Reinforcing steel members and the effects of welding.” Engineering Journal, AISC 27(4), pp. 129–131.
Wang, Y.-B., G.-Q. Li, S.-W. Chen and F.-F. Sun (2012). “Experimental and numerical study on the behavior of axially compressed high strength steel columns with Hsection.” Engineering Structures, 43, pp. 149–159.
Wang, Y.-q., L. Zong, R.-x. Zhu, X.-y. Liu and Y.-j. Shi (2015). “Behavior of I-section steel beam welding reinforced while under load.” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 106, pp. 278–288.
Wu, Z. and G. Y. Grondin (2003). Behaviour of Steel Columns Reinforced with Welded Steel Plates, National Library of Canada= Bibliothèque nationale du Canada.
Yang, D. and G. J. Hancock (2006). “Numerical simulation of high-strength steel box-shaped columns failing in local and overall buckling modes.” Journal of structural engineering, 132(4), pp. 541–549.
Yang, T., D. P. Tung and C. Xu (2013). “Experimental and Analytical Evaluation of Concrete-Filled Crisscross Steel Tubular Columns Subjected to Earthquake Loads.” Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 28(6), A4014001.
Yang, Y.-F., C. Hou, Z. Wen and L.-H. Han (2014). “Experimental behaviour of square CFST under local bearing forces.” Thin-Walled Structures, 74, pp. 166–183.
Yuan, H. X., Y. Q. Wang, L. Gardner and Y. J. Shi (2014). “Local–overall interactive buckling of welded stainless steel box section compression members.” pp. Engineering Structures, 67, pp. 62–76.
Yuan, H. X., Y. Q. Wang, Y. J. Shi and L. Gardner (2014). “Residual stress distributions in welded stainless steel sections.” Thin-Walled Structures, 79, pp. 38–51.
Zeinoddini-Meimand, V., M. Ghassemieh and J. Kiani “Finite Element Analysis of Flush End Plate Moment Connections under Cyclic Loading.”
Ziemian, R. D. (2010). Guide to stability design criteria for metal structures, John Wiley & Sons.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
An erratum to this article is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-017-9031-8.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Erfani, S., Naseri, M. & Akrami, V. Effect of in-service strengthening on the axial load carrying capacity of steel box columns. Int J Steel Struct 17, 231–244 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-015-0178-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-015-0178-x