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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Regulation of metastasis of bladder cancer cells through the WNT signaling pathway

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Tumor Biology

This article was retracted on 20 April 2017

Abstract

Bladder cancer (BC) is the most popular malignant urinary cancer, with the highest incidence and mortality of all genitourinary system tumors worldwide. To date, the molecular regulation of the metastasis of BC remains ill defined. Here, we examined the levels of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) and nuclear β-catenin in the BC specimen. We used lithium chloride (LiCl) to inhibit cytosol β-catenin phosphorylation and degradation to increase nuclear β-catenin levels in BC cells. We used IWP-2 to enhance cytosol β-catenin phosphorylation and degradation to decrease nuclear β-catenin levels in BC cells. We examined MMP9 levels in these experimental settings by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot, and ELISA. The cell invasiveness was evaluated by Transwell cell assay. We found significantly higher levels of MMP9 and nuclear β-catenin in human BC specimen with metastasis, compared to those without metastasis. Moreover, a strong correlation was detected between MMP9 and nuclear β-catenin. LiCl significantly increased nuclear β-catenin, resulting in MMP9 activation in BC cells. IWP-2 significantly decreased nuclear β-catenin, resulting in MMP9 inhibition in BC cells. MMP9 regulated cell invasiveness. Together, these data suggest that the WNT signaling pathway regulates metastasis of BC through activation of MMP9. Therapies targeting the WNT signaling pathway may be a promising treatment for BC.

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Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical and Engineering Collaborative Research Fund Project (YG2012MS45).

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Urology, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 100 Haining Rd, Shanghai, 200080, China

      Yiheng Du, Fei Zhang, Wenbo Wu, Wei Wang, Hao Li, Shujie Xia & Haitao Liu

    2. Department of Urology, Weifang Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Weifang, 261041, China

      Yongchuan Wang

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    1. Yiheng Du
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    Correspondence to Haitao Liu.

    Additional information

    Yiheng Du and Yongchuan Wang contributed equally to this work.

    The Publisher and Editor retract this article in accordance with the recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). After a thorough investigation we have strong reason to believe that the peer review process was compromised.

    An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-017-5487-6.

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    Du, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, F. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Regulation of metastasis of bladder cancer cells through the WNT signaling pathway. Tumor Biol. 36, 8839–8844 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-015-3563-3

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    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-015-3563-3

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