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Evaluation of urinary XIAP as a diagnostic biomarker of carcinoma of urinary bladder

  • Research Article
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Tumor Biology

Abstract

Early diagnosis of carcinoma of the bladder remains a challenge. Urine cytology, as an adjunct to cystoscopy, is less sensitive for low-grade tumors. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), a negative regulator of apoptotic stimuli and a member of apoptosis family, is frequently activated in bladder carcinoma. Our aim is to investigate the significance of urinary XIAP for the noninvasive diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder. We examined urinary XIAP expression in a bladder cancer cell line (T24) and in urine of 28 healthy individuals, 46 patients of nonmalignant disorders, and 117 cases (69 primary and 48 recurrent cases) of histologically proven TCC prior to transurethral resection, by using real-time PCR, and compared it with voided urinary cytology (VUC). XIAP expression was found in T24 cell line and also was found to be significantly higher in the cancer group as compared to the controls (p < 0.001). XIAP messenger RNA (mRNA) expression showed a significant (p < 0.05) association with stage and grade (p < 0.05). XIAP shows the sensitivity of 82.91 % and specificity of 78.38 % (p < 0.001), whereas urine cytology had sensitivity of 66.67 % and specificity of 95.95 % for TCC cases. The combination of XIAP and VUC had better sensitivity (98.2 %) and specificity (92.6 %) than they showed individually (p < 0.001). XIAP mRNA expression did not significantly correlated with the patient’s age, sex, and smoking (p > 0.05). Urinary XIAP can be used as a noninvasive diagnostic biomarker for bladder TCC in adjunct to cytology mainly for low-grade non-muscle-invasive tumors.

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Acknowledgments

All authors are also thankful to Dr. Seema Nayak and Dr. S P Mishra for their invaluable contribution. We thank all the subjects for their participation in the study. The first author (Anupam Kumar Srivastava) is thankful to the Indian Council of Medial Research, New Delhi, India, for awarding Senior Research Fellowship (SRF IRIS ID: 2010-03160 ) under the guidance of corresponding author.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiotherapy, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India

    A. K. Srivastava & P. K. Singh

  2. Department of Urology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India

    D. Singh & D. Dalela

  3. Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India

    M. M. Goel

  4. Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology, Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India

    S. K. Rath

  5. Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. RML Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India

    M. L. B. Bhatt

Authors
  1. A. K. Srivastava
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  2. P. K. Singh
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  3. D. Singh
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  4. D. Dalela
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  5. S. K. Rath
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  6. M. M. Goel
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  7. M. L. B. Bhatt
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. L. B. Bhatt.

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Srivastava, A.K., Singh, P.K., Singh, D. et al. Evaluation of urinary XIAP as a diagnostic biomarker of carcinoma of urinary bladder. Tumor Biol. 35, 8243–8248 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2026-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2026-6

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