Abstract
Metal oxide nanoparticles are known to exhibit unique properties such as catalyzing the neutralization of superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxides and behave as antioxidant enzymes. Oxidative stress, damage and chronic inflammation are major causes and consequences of aging and age-associated disorders. With the increasing popularity of metal oxide nanoparticles, they have been applied in various age-related pathologies using their antioxidant property. Metal oxide nanoparticles have been used as diagnostic, therapeutic, and as theranostics. This review summarizes the applications of metal oxide nanoparticles in aging and age-associated disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders. Oxidative stress plays a central role in the activation of inflammatory pathways, disturbing the mitochondrial function, decreasing the telomere length and leading the cell towards senescence or death. Oxidative damage is the common pathway in the progression of aging and related diseases. Metal oxide nanoparticles scavenge or precisely detect the generated reactive oxygen species, hence applied in both diagnostics and therapeutics.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel-Magied N, Shedid SM (2020) Impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles on thioredoxin-interacting protein and asymmetric dimethylarginine as biochemical indicators of cardiovascular disorders in gamma-irradiated rats. Environ Toxicol 35(4):430–442. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22879
Adebayo OA, Akinloye O, Adaramoye OA (2020) Cerium oxide nanoparticles elicit antitumourigenic effect in experimental breast cancer induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and benzo(a)pyrene in female Wistar rats. J Biochem Mole Toxicol 35(4):e22687. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.22687
Amanzadeh Jajin E, Esmaeili Soheila A, Noorbakhshnia RM (2021) Quercetin-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles protect AlCl3-induced neurotoxicity in a rat model of alzheimer’s disease via antioxidant genes APP gene and miRNA-101. Front Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.598617
Andrisic L, Dudzik D, Barbas C, Milkovic L, Grune T, Zarkovic N (2018) Short overview on metabolomics approach to study pathophysiology of oxidative stress in cancer. Redox Biol 14:47–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2017.08.009
Aouacheri O, Saka S, Krim M, Messaadia A, Maidi I (2015) The investigation of the oxidative stress-related parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Can J Diabetes 39(1):44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2014.03.002
Baldim V, Yadav N, Bia N, Graillot A, Loubat C, Singh S, Karakoti AS, Berret J-F (2020) Polymer-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles as oxidoreductase-like catalysts. ACS Appl Mater Interf 12(37):42056–42066. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c08778
Bhagat S, Singh S (2020) Co-delivery of AKT3 siRNA and PTEN plasmid by antioxidant nanoliposomes for enhanced antiproliferation of prostate cancer cells. ACS Appl Bio Mater 3(7):3999–4011. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.9b01016
Bonora M, Wieckowski MR, Sinclair DA, Kroemer G, Pinton P, Galluzzi L (2019) Targeting mitochondria for cardiovascular disorders: therapeutic potential and obstacles. Nat Rev Cardiol 16(1):33–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-018-0074-0
Chen S, Hou Y, Cheng G, Zhang C, Wang S, Zhang J (2013) Cerium oxide nanoparticles protect endothelial cells from apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Biol Trace Elem Res 154(1):156–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9678-8
Chen Q, Du Y, Zhang K, Liang Z, Li J, Yu H, Ren R, Feng J, Jin Z, Li F, Sun J, Zhou M, He Q, Sun X, Zhang H, Tian M, Ling D (2018) Tau-targeted multifunctional nanocomposite for combinational therapy of Alzheimer’s disease. ACS Nano 12(2):1321–1338. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b07625
Cohen CA, Karfakis JA, Kurnick MD, Rzigalinski B (2008) Cerium oxide nanoparticles reduce free radical-mediated toxicity in drosophila melanogaster. FASEB J 22(S1):624.621-624.621. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.624.1
Datta A, Mishra S, Manna K, Saha KD, Mukherjee S, Roy S (2020) Pro-oxidant therapeutic activities of cerium oxide nanoparticles in colorectal carcinoma cells. ACS Omega 5(17):9714–9723. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b04006
DeCoteau W, Heckman KL, Estevez AY, Reed KJ, Costanzo W, Sandford D, Studlack P, Clauss J, Nichols E, Lipps J, Parker M, Hays-Erlichman B, Leiter JC, Erlichman JS (2016) Cerium oxide nanoparticles with antioxidant properties ameliorate strength and prolong life in mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 12(8):2311–2320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2016.06.009
El Shaer SS, Salaheldin TA, Saied NM, Abdelazim SM (2017) In vivo ameliorative effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles in isoproterenol-induced cardiac toxicity. Exp Toxicol Pathol 69(7):435–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2017.03.001
Fakouri NB, Hou Y, Demarest TG, Christiansen LS, Okur MN, Mohanty JG, Croteau DL, Bohr VA (2019) Toward understanding genomic instability, mitochondrial dysfunction and aging. FEBS J 286(6):1058–1073. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.14663
Hao C, Qu A, Xu L, Sun M, Zhang H, Xu C, Kuang H (2019) Chiral molecule-mediated porous CuxO nanoparticle clusters with antioxidation activity for ameliorating Parkinson’s disease. J Am Chem Soc 141(2):1091–1099. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b11856
Han J, Kim B, Shin JY, Ryu S, Noh M, Woo J, Park JS, Lee Y, Lee N, Hyeon T, Choi D, Kim BS (2015) Iron oxide nanoparticle-mediated development of cellular gap junction crosstalk to improve mesenchymal stem cells’ therapeutic efficacy for myocardial infarction. ACS Nano 9(3):2805–2819. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn506732n
Hartati YW, Komala DR, Hendrati D, Gaffar S, Hardianto A, Sofiatin Y, Bahti HH (2021) An aptasensor using ceria electrodeposited-screen-printed carbon electrode for detection of epithelial sodium channel protein as a hypertension biomarker. Royal Soc Open Sci. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.202040
Haque M, Fouad H, Seo HK, Othman AY, Kulkarni A, Ansari ZA (2020) Investigation of Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles towards ascertaining myocardial infarction through an electrochemical detection of myoglobin. IEEE Access 8:164678–164692. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3021458
Harman D (1981) The aging process. Proc Natl Acad Sci 78(11):7124–7128. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.11.7124
Hu M, Korschelt K, Daniel P, Landfester K, Tremel W, Bannwarth MB (2017) Fibrous nanozyme dressings with catalase-like activity for H2O2 reduction to promote wound healing. ACS Appl Mater Interf 9(43):38024–38031. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b12212
Hu C, Hou J, Zhu Y, Lin D (2020) Multigenerational exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles in soil stimulates stress resistance and longevity of survived C. elegans via activating insulin/IGF-like signaling. Environ Poll 263:114376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114376
Hussein J, El-Banna M, Razik TA, El-Naggar ME (2018) Biocompatible zinc oxide nanocrystals stabilized via hydroxyethyl cellulose for mitigation of diabetic complications. Int J Biol Macromol 107:748–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.056
Hussein J, El-Naggar M, Badawy E, El-laithy N, El-Waseef M, Hassan H, Abdel-Latif Y (2020) Homocysteine and asymmetrical dimethylarginine in diabetic rats treated with docosahexaenoic acid–loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 191(3):1127–1139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-020-03230-z
Islam MO, Bacchetti T, Ferretti G (2019) Alterations of antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers of nitro-oxidative stress in tissues of bladder cancer. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019:2730896. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2730896
Jaisutti R, Lee M, Kim J, Choi S, Ha T-J, Kim J, Kim H, Park SK, Kim Y-H (2017) Ultrasensitive room-temperature operable gas sensors using p-type Na:ZnO nanoflowers for diabetes detection. ACS Appl Mater Interf 9(10):8796–8804. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b00673
Katary MA, Abdelsayed R, Alhashim A, Abdelhasib M, Elmarakby AA (2019) Salvianolic acid B slows the progression of breast cancer cell growth via enhancement of apoptosis and reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 20(22):5653. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225653
Khaksar MR, Rahimifard M, Baeeri M, Maqbool F, Navaei-Nigjeh M, Hassani S, Moeini-Nodeh S, Kebriaeezadeh A, Abdollahi M (2017) Protective effects of cerium oxide and yttrium oxide nanoparticles on reduction of oxidative stress induced by sub-acute exposure to diazinon in the rat pancreas. J Trace Elem Med Biol 41:79–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.02.013
Kim DH, Park MH, Choi YJ, Chung KW, Park CH, Jang EJ, An HJ, Yu BP, Chung HY (2013) Molecular study of dietary heptadecane for the anti-inflammatory modulation of NF-kB in the aged kidney. PLoS ONE 8(3):e59316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059316
Kumar N, Gautam V, Kumar V, Maurya PK (2020) Chapter 11 - Nanoparticle-based macromolecule drug delivery to lungs. In: Dua K, Hansbro PM, Wadhwa R, Haghi M, Pont LG, Williams KA (eds) Targeting chronic inflammatory lung diseases using advanced drug delivery systems. Academic Press, pp 227–259
Levstek T, Kozjek E, Dolžan V, Trebušak Podkrajšek K (2020) Telomere attrition in neurodegenerative disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 14:219–219. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2020.00219
Mahato K, Nagpal S, Shah MA, Srivastava A, Maurya PK, Roy S, Jaiswal A, Singh R, Chandra P (2019) Gold nanoparticle surface engineering strategies and their applications in biomedicine and diagnostics. 3 Biotech 9(2):57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-019-1577-z
Mansur AAP, Mansur HS, Carvalho SM (2020) Engineered hybrid nanozyme catalyst cascade based on polysaccharide-enzyme-magnetic iron oxide nanostructures for potential application in cancer therapy. Catal Today. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2020.06.083
Maurya Pawan K, Rizzo Lucas B, Xavier G, Tempaku PF, Zeni-Graiff M, Santoro ML, Mazzotti DR, Zugman A, Pan P, Noto C, Maes M, Asevedo E, Mansur RB, Cunha GR, Gadelha A, Bressan RA, Belangero Sintia I, Brietzke E (2017) Shorter leukocyte telomere length in patients at ultra high risk for psychosis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 27(5):538–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.02.008
Meyer TD, Nawrot T, Bekaert S, Buyzere MLD, Rietzschel ER, Andrés V (2018) Telomere length as cardiovascular aging biomarker: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol 72(7):805–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.014
Moro L (2019) Mitochondrial dysfunction in aging and cancer. J Clin Med 8(11):1983. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111983
Nikitchenko YV, Klochkov VK, Kavok NS, Averchenko KA, Karpenko NA, Nikitchenko IV, Yefimova SL, Bozhkov AI (2021a) Anti-aging effects of antioxidant rare-earth orthovanadate nanoparticles in wistar rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02531-y
Nikitchenko YV, Klochkov VK, Kavok NS, Karpenko NA, Yefimova SL, Nikitchenko IV, Bozhkov AI (2021b) Age-related effects of orthovanadate nanoparticles involve activation of GSH-dependent antioxidant system in liver mitochondria. Biol Trace Elem Res 199(2):649–659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02196-7
Niu J, Azfer A, Rogers LM, Wang X, Kolattukudy PE (2007) Cardioprotective effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles in a transgenic murine model of cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res 73(3):549–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.11.031
Niu J, Wang K, Kolattukudy PE (2011) Cerium oxide nanoparticles inhibits oxidative stress and nuclear factor-κB activation in H9c2 cardiomyocytes exposed to cigarette smoke extract. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 338(1):53–61. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.111.179978
Nudelman KNH, Lin J, Lane KA, Nho K, Kim S, Faber KM, Risacher SL, Foroud TM, Gao S, Davis JW, Weiner MW, Saykin AJ, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging I (2019) Telomere shortening in the Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative cohort. J Alzheimers Dis 71(1):33–43. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-190010
Passi M, Kumar V, Packirisamy G (2020) Theranostic nanozyme: Silk fibroin based multifunctional nanocomposites to combat oxidative stress. Mater Sci Eng C 107:110255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110255
Pešić M, Podolski-Renić A, Stojković S, Matović B, Zmejkoski D, Kojić V, Bogdanović G, Pavićević A, Mojović M, Savić A, Milenković I, Kalauzi Ksenija A, Radotić K (2015) Anti-cancer effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles and its intracellular redox activity. Chem Biol Interact 232:85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2015.03.013
Pirmohamed T, Dowding JM, Singh S, Wasserman B, Heckert E, Karakoti AS, King JES, Seal S, Self WT (2010) Nanoceria exhibit redox state-dependent catalase mimetic activity. Chem Commun 46(16):2736–2738. https://doi.org/10.1039/B922024K
Rani AJ, Mythili SV (2014) Study on total antioxidant status in relation to oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Diagn Res 8(3):108–110. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/7603.4121
Rubio L, Annangi B, Vila L, Hernández A, Marcos R (2016) Antioxidant and anti-genotoxic properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles in a pulmonary-like cell system. Arch Toxicol 90(2):269–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1468-y
Rzigalinski BA, Giovinco HM, Cheatham BJ (2020) Cerium oxide nanoparticles improve lifespan of stored blood. Military Med 185(Supplement_1):103–109. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz210
Seminko V, Maksimchuk P, Grygorova G, Okrushko E, Avrunin O, Semenets V, Malyukin Y (2021) Mechanism and dynamics of fast redox cycling in cerium oxide nanoparticles at high oxidant concentration. J Physical Chem C 125(8):4743–4749. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c00382
Shah F, Yadav N, Singh S (2021) Phosphotungstate-sandwiched between cerium oxide and gold nanoparticles exhibit enhanced catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol and peroxidase enzyme-like activity. Colloids Surf B 198:111478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111478
Shanker K, Naradala J, Mohan GK, Kumar G, Pravallika PJRa, (2017) A sub-acute oral toxicity analysis and comparative in vivo anti-diabetic activity of zinc oxide, cerium oxide, silver nanoparticles, and Momordica charantia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. RSC Adv 7(59):37158–37167. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA05693A
Simioni C, Zauli G, Martelli AM, Vitale M, Sacchetti G, Gonelli A, Neri LM (2018) Oxidative stress: role of physical exercise and antioxidant nutraceuticals in adulthood and aging. Oncotarget 9(24):17181–17198. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.24729
Singh S (2019) Nanomaterials exhibiting enzyme-like properties (Nanozymes): current advances and future perspectives. Front Chem. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00046
Singh R, Singh S (2019) Redox-dependent catalase mimetic cerium oxide-based nanozyme protect human hepatic cells from 3-AT induced acatalasemia. Colloids Surf B 175:625–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.042
Singh R, Shukla RK, Kumar A, Dhawan A, Singh S (2014) PEGylated nanoceria protect human epidermal cells from reactive oxygen species. Mol Cytogenet 7(1):P78. https://doi.org/10.1186/1755-8166-7-S1-P78
Singh N, Savanur MA, Srivastava S, D’Silva P, Mugesh G (2017) A redox modulatory Mn3O4 nanozyme with Multi-Enzyme activity provides efficient cytoprotection to human cells in a Parkinson’s disease model. Angew Chem Int Ed 56(45):14267–14271. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201708573
Singh N, NaveenKumar SK, Geethika M, Mugesh G (2021) A cerium vanadate nanozyme with specific superoxide dismutase activity regulates mitochondrial function and ATP synthesis in neuronal cells. Angew Chem Int Ed 60(6):3121–3130. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202011711
Snyder B, Shell B, Cunningham JT, Cunningham RL (2017) Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces oxidative stress and inflammation in brain regions associated with early-stage neurodegeneration. Physiol Rep 5(9):e13258. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13258
Sohrabi Y, Lagache SMM, Voges VC, Semo D, Sonntag G, Hanemann I, Kahles F, Waltenberger J, Findeisen HM (2020) OxLDL-mediated immunologic memory in endothelial cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 146:121–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.07.006
Tahara A, Kurosaki E, Yokono M, Yamajuku D, Kihara R, Hayashizaki Y, Takasu T, Imamura M, Li Q, Tomiyama H, Kobayashi Y, Noda A, Sasamata M, Shibasaki M (2013) Effects of SGLT2 selective inhibitor ipragliflozin on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and obesity in type 2 diabetic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 715(1):246–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.05.014
Tarafdar A, Pula G (2018) The role of NADPH oxidases and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders. Int J Mol Sci 19(12):3824. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123824
Vallabani NVS, Singh S (2018) Recent advances and future prospects of iron oxide nanoparticles in biomedicine and diagnostics. 3 Biotech 8(6):279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-018-1286-z
Vallabani NVS, Karakoti AS, Singh S (2017) ATP-mediated intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of Fe3O4-based nanozyme: one step detection of blood glucose at physiological pH. Colloids Surf B 153:52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.02.004
Vasileiou PVS, Evangelou K, Vlasis K, Fildisis G, Panayiotidis MI, Chronopoulos E, Passias P-G, Kouloukoussa M, Gorgoulis VG, Havaki S (2019) Mitochondrial Home Cell Senescence Cells 8(7):686. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8070686
Wang K, Zheng M, Lester KL, Han Z (2019a) Light-induced Nrf2−/− mice as atrophic age-related macular degeneration model and treatment with nanoceria laden injectable hydrogel. Sci Rep 9(1):14573. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51151-7
Wang Y, Li H, Guo L, Jiang Q, Liu FJRA (2019b) A cobalt-doped iron oxide nanozyme as a highly active peroxidase for renal tumor catalytic therapy. RSC Adv 9(33):18815–18822. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA05487H
Wang Y, Xu E, Musich PR, Lin F (2019c) Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and the potential countermeasure. CNS Neurosci Ther 25(7):816–824. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13116
Wu R, Feng J, Yang Y, Dai C, Lu A, Li J, Liao Y, Xiang M, Huang Q, Wang D, Du X-B (2017) Significance of serum total oxidant/antioxidant status in patients with colorectal cancer. PLoS ONE 12(1):e0170003. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170003
Wu Y, Yang Y, Zhao W, Xu ZP, Little PJ, Whittaker AK, Zhang R, Ta HT (2018) Novel iron oxide–cerium oxide core–shell nanoparticles as a potential theranostic material for ROS related inflammatory diseases. J Mater Chem B 6(30):4937–4951. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TB00022K
Yadav N, Singh S (2021a) Polyoxometalate-mediated vacancy-engineered cerium oxide nanoparticles exhibiting controlled biological enzyme-mimicking activities. Inorg Chem 60(10):7475–7489. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00766
Yadav N, Singh S (2021b) SOD mimetic cerium oxide nanorods protect human hepatocytes from oxidative stress. Emergent Mater. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-021-00220-7
Yaribeygi H, Atkin SL, Sahebkar A (2019) Mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes and the regulatory roles of antidiabetic agents on the mitochondrial function. J Cell Physiol 234(6):8402–8410. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.27754
Zgheib C, Hilton SA, Dewberry LC, Hodges MM, Ghatak S, Xu J, Singh S, Roy S, Sen CK, Seal S, Liechty KW (2019) Use of cerium oxide nanoparticles conjugated with MicroRNA-146a to correct the diabetic wound healing impairment. J Am Coll Surg 228(1):107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2018.09.017
Zhai J-H, Wu Y, Wang X-Y, Cao Y, Xu K, Xu L, Guo Y (2016) Antioxidation of cerium oxide nanoparticles to several series of oxidative damage related to Type II diabetes mellitus in vitro. Med Sci Monit 22:3792–3797. https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.901068
Zhan Y, Hägg S (2019) Telomere length and cardiovascular disease risk. Curr Opin Cardiol 34(3):270–274. https://doi.org/10.1097/hco.0000000000000613
Zhang Y, Wang Z, Li X, Wang L, Yin M, Wang L, Chen N, Fan C, Song H (2016) Dietary iron oxide nanoparticles delay aging and ameliorate neurodegeneration in drosophila. Adv Mater 28(7):1387–1393. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201503893
Zheng Q, Fang Y, Zeng L, Li X, Chen H, Song H, Huang J, Shi S (2019) Cytocompatible cerium oxide-mediated antioxidative stress in inhibiting ocular inflammation-associated corneal neovascularization. J Mater Chem B 7(43):6759–6769. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TB01066A
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by Fellowship from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India to Somu Yadav (09/1152(0013)/2019-EMR-I). This agency had no role in the interpretation, or writing the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yadav, S., Maurya, P.K. Biomedical applications of metal oxide nanoparticles in aging and age-associated diseases. 3 Biotech 11, 338 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-021-02892-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-021-02892-8