Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation-induced sunburns are characterized by pigmented, wrinkled, and dried skin, with rashes and red spots. Chemical sunscreen lotion shows beneficial effects, but it shows the adverse side effect while in continuous usage. Natural substances of plant origin are deemed a possible cause of UV radiation through sunscreen resources. On this basis, we formulated the cold cream from the Caralluma adscendens Var. attenuata (CAVA) plant extract. The phytocompounds were studied by using GC–MS. The antioxidant potential of the plant extract was determined, and the CAVA showed cytotoxicity on A375 skin melanoma cells determined by MTT assay. The FT-IR spectra analysis confirmed the chemical nature of crude and crosslinking between cold creams. The cream was applied topically to rats pre-exposed to UV-B radiation (32,800 J/m2) four times/week (on alternate days). UV-B exposed without any treatment rats showed increased red spots or wrinkles (5 cm2). In contrast, the cold cream treatment application on irradiated skin has significantly reduced the size of rashes and red spots and the wound was contracted in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, histopathology of the experimental rat skin confirmed that CAVA cream treatment significantly reduced the epidermal thickening, damage in dermis and epidermis layers, and restructured the hair follicles. This study suggests that the cream formulated using CAVA can alleviate the damages caused by the UV-B-irradiation at a high level and safeguard the skin tissues.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdellatif AAH, Alawadh SH, Bouazzaoui A et al (2020) (2020) Anthocyanins rich pomegranate cream as a topical formulation with anti-aging activity. J Dermatol Treat. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2020.1721418
Aburjai T, Natsheh FM (2003) Plants used in cosmetics. Phyther Res An Int J 17:987–1000
Adnan M, Jan S, Mussarat S et al (2014) A review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of plant genus C aralluma R. B r J Pharm Pharmacol 66:1351–1368
Ahlenstiel T, Burkhardt G, Köhler H, Kuhlmann MK (2003) Bioflavonoids attenuate renal proximal tubular cell injury during cold preservation in Euro-Collins and University of Wisconsin solutions. Kidney Int 63:554–563
Anand T, Sundararajan M, Anbukkarasi M et al (2019) A methanolic extract of Ocimum basilicum exhibits antioxidant effects and prevents selenite-induced cataract formation in cultured lenses of Wistar rats. Pharmacogn J 11:496–504
Atillasoy ES, Seykora JT, Soballe PW et al (1998) UVB induces atypical melanocytic lesions and melanoma in human skin. Am J Pathol 152:1179
Behling EV, SENDÃO MC, FRANCESCATO HDC, et al (2008) Flavonóide quercetina: aspectos gerais e ações biológicas. Aliment e Nutr Araraquara 15:285–292
Beserra FP, Vieira AJ, Gushiken LFS, et al (2019) Lupeol, a dietary triterpene, enhances wound healing in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats with modulatory effects on inflammation, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019
Bhattacharyya TK, Hsia Y, Weeks DM et al (2017) Association of diet with skin histological features in UV-B–exposed mice. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 19:399–405
Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier M-E, Berset C (1995) Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Sci Technol 28:25–30
Bränström R, Kasparian NA, Chang Y et al (2010) Predictors of sun protection behaviors and severe sunburn in an international online study. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomarkers 19:2199–2210
Cancer IA for R on (1992) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. v. 55: Solar and ultraviolet radiation
Carter SJ (2008) Cooper and Gunns Dispensing For Pharmaceutical Students, 12th edn. CBS Publishing and Distributors, New Delhi
Cavinato M, Waltenberger B, Baraldo G et al (2017) Plant extracts and natural compounds used against UVB-induced photoaging. Biogerontology 18:499–516
Cefali LC, Ataide JA, Moriel P et al (2016) Plant-based active photoprotectants for sunscreens. Int J Cosmet Sci 38:346–353
Chanchal D, Swarnlata S (2008) Novel approaches in herbal cosmetics. J Cosmet Dermatol 7:89–95
Cheng T, Zhang Z, Shen H et al (2020) Topically applicated curcumin/gelatin-blended nanofibrous mat inhibits pancreatic adenocarcinoma by increasing ROS production and endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated apoptosis. J Nanobiotechnol 18:1–12
Chiu H-W, Chen C-H, Chen Y-J, Hsu Y-H (2017) Far-infrared suppresses skin photoaging in ultraviolet B-exposed fibroblasts and hairless mice. PLoS ONE 12:e0174042
Colipa J, CTFA J, (2006) International sun protection factor (SPF) test method. COLIPA, Brussels
Costa FB, Weber MB (2004) Avaliação dos hábitos de exposição ao sol e de fotoproteção dos universitários da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, RS. An Bras Dermatol 79:149–155
De la Coba F, Aguilera J, De Galvez MV et al (2009) Prevention of the ultraviolet effects on clinical and histopathological changes, as well as the heat shock protein-70 expression in mouse skin by topical application of algal UV-absorbing compounds. J Dermatol Sci 55:161–169
Dornas WCA, Oliveira TT de, Dores RGR das, et al (2007) Flavonóides: potencial terapêutico no estresse oxidativo.
Durazzo A, Kiefer J, Lucarini M et al (2018) Qualitative analysis of traditional italian dishes: FTIR approach. Sustainability 10:4112
Eltania F, Lesmana R, Sudigdoadi S, et al (2019) Tranexamic Acid Cream Protects Ultraviolet B‐induced Photoaging in Balb/c Mice Skin by Increasing Mitochondrial Markers: Changes Lead to Improvement of Histological Appearance. Photochem Photobiol
Gamble JS (1935) The flora of the Presidency of Madras. Adlard&son, Ltd, London
Gamble JS, Fischer CEC (1915) 1935. Flora Pres Madras 1:3
Giroux M-C, Hélie P, Burns P, VaCHon P (2015) Anesthetic and pathological changes following high doses of ketamine and xylazine in Sprague Dawley rats. Exp Anim 64:253–260
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC, Aruoma OI (1987) The deoxyribose method: a simple “test-tube” assay for determination of rate constants for reactions of hydroxyl radicals. Anal Biochem 165:215–219
Haywood R, Wardman P, Sanders R, Linge C (2003) Sunscreens inadequately protect against ultraviolet-A-induced free radicals in skin: implications for skin aging and melanoma? J Invest Dermatol 121:862–868
Hertog MGL, Hollman PCH, Katan MB (1992) Content of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids of 28 vegetables and 9 fruits commonly consumed in the Netherlands. J Agric Food Chem 40:2379–2383
Hruza LL, Pentland AP (1993) Mechanisms of UV-induced inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 100:S35–S41
Huang Z-R, Lin Y-K, Fang J-Y (2009) Biological and pharmacological activities of squalene and related compounds: potential uses in cosmetic dermatology. Molecules 14:540–554
Inomata S, Takada K, Tsunenaga M et al (2003) Possible involvement of gelatinases in basement membrane damage and wrinkle formation in chronically ultraviolet B-exposed hairless mouse. J Invest Dermatol 120:128–134
Jyothi MV, Bhargav E, Babu CN, et al (2019) Apoptosis-mediated cytotoxic effect of Caralluma adscendens var. attenuata on colon (HT29) and Hepatic (HepG2) cancer cell lines. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 11:38
Kangsamaksin T, Chaithongyot S, Wootthichairangsan C, et al (2017) Lupeol and stigmasterol suppress tumor angiogenesis and inhibit cholangiocarcinoma growth in mice via downregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α. PLoS One 12:
Kaur K, Rath G (2019) Formulation and evaluation of UV protective synbiotic skin care topical formulation. J Cosmet Laser Ther 21:332–342
Kawada S, Ohtani M, Ishii N (2010) Increased oxygen tension attenuates acute ultraviolet-B-induced skin angiogenesis and wrinkle formation. Am J Physiol Integr Comp Physiol 299:R694–R701
Kim S-Y, Kim S-J, Lee J-Y et al (2004) Protective effects of dietary soy isoflavones against UV-induced skin-aging in hairless mouse model. J Am Coll Nutr 23:157–162
Kiranmayee Pamidimukkala AK, Usha R (2015) Phytochemical investigation of Caralluma attenuata (Wight) Roots. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res 7:1120–1124
Kumar KMP, Murshida UC, Thomas B et al (2014) Notes on Caralluma adscendens (Roxb.) Haw. var. attenuata (Wight) Grav. and Mayur. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae). J Threat Taxa 6:6282–6286
Kumar P, Sharma A, Varshney P, Rao CV (2013) Antidiabetogenic and antioxidant effects of Caralluma attenuata extract on streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. J Pharm Res 7:257–262
Lee C-W, Ko H-H, Lin C-C et al (2013) Artocarpin attenuates ultraviolet B-induced skin damage in hairless mice by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. Food Chem Toxicol 60:123–129
Lee JK, Kim JH, Nam KT, Lee SH (2003) Molecular events associated with apoptosis and proliferation induced by ultraviolet-B radiation in the skin of hairless mice. J Dermatol Sci 32:171–179
Lingakumar K, Kulandaivelu G (1993) Changes induced by ultraviolet-B radiation in vegetative growth, foliar characteristics and photosynthetic activities in Vigna unguiculata. Funct Plant Biol 20(3):299–308
Madasamy S, Sundan S, Krishnasamy L (2020) Preparation of cold cream against clinical pathogen using Caralluma adscendens Var. attenuata. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 13:120–123
Majumder P, Paridhavi M (2019) A Novel Poly‐herbal Formulation Hastens Diabetic Wound Healing with Potent Antioxidant Potential: A Comprehensive Pharmacological Investigation. Pharmacogn J 11:
Malinowska M, Miroslaw B, Sikora E et al (2019) New lupeol esters as active substances in the treatment of skin damage. PLoS ONE 14:e0214216
Mathew S, Abraham TE (2006) In vitro antioxidant activity and scavenging effects of Cinnamomum verum leaf extract assayed by different methodologies. Food Chem Toxicol 44:198–206
Matthew KM (1981) Materials for a Flora of the Tamilnadu Carnatic
McGaw LJ, Elgorashi EE, Eloff JN (2014) Cytotoxicity of African medicinal plants against normal animal and human cells. In: Toxicological survey of african medicinal plants. Elsevier, pp 181–233
McNeill J, Barrie FR, Burdet HM, et al (2006) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code). Regnum Vegetable 146
Millard TP, Hawk JLM (2002) Photosensitivity disorders. Am J Clin Dermatol 3:239–246
Mishra AK, Mishra A, Chattopadhyay P (2011) Herbal cosmeceuticals for photoprotection from ultraviolet B radiation: A review. Trop J Pharm Res 10:
Mosmann T (1983) Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods 65:55–63
Neelam KA, Sharma KK (2020) Phenylpropanoids and its derivatives: biological activities and its role in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 60:2655–2675
Nicolaou A, Pilkington SM, Rhodes LE (2011) Ultraviolet-radiation induced skin inflammation: dissecting the role of bioactive lipids. Chem Phys Lipids 164:535–543
Nordberg J, Arnér ESJ (2001) Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and the mammalian thioredoxin system. Free Radic Biol Med 31:1287–1312
Oresajo C, Yatskayer M, Galdi A et al (2010) Complementary effects of antioxidants and sunscreens in reducing UV-induced skin damage as demonstrated by skin biomarker expression. J Cosmet Laser Ther 12:157–162
Oyaizu M (1986) Studies on products of browning reaction. Japanese J Nutr Diet 44:307–315
Podda M, Grundmann-Kollmann M (2001) Low molecular weight antioxidants and their role in skin ageing. Clin Exp Dermatol 26:578–582
Priyanka S, Mary SRI, Nandini HS et al (2018) A pilot study on sun protection factor of plant extracts: an observational study. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 11:67–71
Rajagopal G, Manivannan N, Sundararajan M et al (2021) Biocompatibility assessment of silver chloride nanoparticles derived from Padina gymnospora and its therapeutic potential. Nano Express 2(1):010010
Rajendran P, Maheshwari U, Muthukrishnan A, et al (2020) Myricetin: versatile plant based flavonoid for cancer treatment by inducing cell cycle arrest and ROS–reliant mitochondria-facilitated apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells and in silico prediction. Mol Cell Biochem 1–12
Rajeshwar Y, Kumar GPS, Gupta M, Mazumder UK (2005) Studies on in vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extract of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) seeds. Eur Bull Drug Res 13:31–39
Ramesh M, Rao YN, Rao AVNA et al (1998) Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of a flavonoid isolated from Caralluma attenuata. J Ethnopharmacol 62:63–66
Rasheed A, Shama SN, Mohanalakshmi S, Ravichandran V (2012) Formulation, characterization and in vitro evaluation of herbal sunscreen lotion. Orient Pharm Exp Med 12:241–246
Reddy KD, Rao BVA, Babu GS et al (2011) Minor pregnanes from Caralluma adscendens var. gracilis and Caralluma pauciflora. Fitoterapia 82:1039–1043
Rittié L, Fisher GJ (2002) UV-light-induced signal cascades and skin aging. Ageing Res Rev 1:705–720
Rundhaug JE, Fischer SM (2008) Cyclo-oxygenase-2 plays a critical role in UV-induced skin carcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol 84:322–329
Ryser S, Schuppli M, Gauthier B et al (2014) UVB-induced skin inflammation and cutaneous tissue injury is dependent on the MHC Class I-like protein, CD1d. J Invest Dermatol 134:192–202
Seite S, Fourtanier A, Moyal D, Young AR (2010) Photodamage to human skin by suberythemal exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation can be attenuated by sunscreens: a review. Br J Dermatol 163:903–914
Shapiro H, Singer P, Ariel A (2016) Beyond the classic eicosanoids: peripherally-acting oxygenated metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids mediate pain associated with tissue injury and inflammation. Prostaglandins, Leukot Essent Fat Acids 111:45–61
Thompson SC, Jolley D, Marks R (1993) Reduction of solar keratoses by regular sunscreen use. N Engl J Med 329:1147–1151
Tsai F-S, Lin L-W, Wu C-R (2016) Lupeol and its role in chronic diseases. In: Drug Discovery from Mother Nature. Springer, pp 145–175
Valko M, Cj R, Moncol J et al (2006) Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chem Biol Interact 160:1–40
Verschooten L, Declercq L, Garmyn M (2006) Adaptive response of the skin to UVB damage: role of the p53 protein. Int J Cosmet Sci 28:1–7
Wang D, DuBois RN (2006) Prostaglandins and cancer. Gut 55:115–122
Wu M-S, Sun D-S, Lin Y-C et al (2015) Nanodiamonds protect skin from ultraviolet B-induced damage in mice. J Nanobiotechnology 13:1–12
Yel M, Türker H (2014) Ultrastructural effects of ultraviolet C radiation on the stratum basale of mole rats epidermis. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 7:406–410
Yu F-L, Gapor A, Bender W (2005) Evidence for the preventive effect of the polyunsaturated phytol side chain in tocotrienols on 17β-estradiol epoxidation. Cancer Detect Prev 29:383–388
Zhang Y, Jin Y, Humbert P et al (2020) An herbal cream reduces erythema of sensitive skin. J Cosmet Dermatol. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13610
Funding
The author’s research work by the self-financial scheme and no financial support received from any funding organizations.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The idea was conceived by KL and carried out by MS based on the technical expertise of KL. The experimental part of the work and manuscript draft was duly done by MS. KL helped in the performed critical revision. Animal studies have been conducted by obtaining guidance from SS and KL. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors state no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval and consent to participate
All procedures were performed following the National Institutes of Health Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the local animal protection committee.
Animal rights
The animal experiment was authorized according to the Institutions Committee on Animal Ethics (IAEC) of K.M College Pharmacy & MKU, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India (IAEC/SUNDAR.M/PhD/MKU/F9884/KMCP/70/2019). Totally 30 Animals were used for studies that are the basis of this research.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
About this article
Cite this article
Sundar, M., Suresh, S. & Lingakumar, K. Influence of Caralluma adscendens Var. attenuata cold cream on UV-B damaged skin epidermal cells: a novel approach. 3 Biotech 11, 155 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-021-02694-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-021-02694-y