Abstract
Medium-temperature fluoroalkylation of microporous activated carbons (ACs) with 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is presented. Supercapacitor (SC) electrodes based on the fluoroalkylated ACs showed enhanced specific capacitance and high specific energy in electrolytes, either aqueous potassium hydroxide solution or tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate-acetonitrile solution. We found the largest increase in the specific capacitance, up to 89 F g–1, and in the specific energy, up to 7.5 Wh kg–1, at the voltage of 1.5 V. The specific capacitance of the SC electrode based on the sample prepared at 350 °C increases by a factor of ~ 2–3 × for certain scan rates in the organic electrolyte. The fluoroalkylated ACs have good electrochemical stability in the tested model systems. We associate the registered enhanced SC parameters with an increase in the total fluorine content and high specific surface areas of the carbon electrode materials. The surface “isolated fluorine” formed during fluoroalkylation at 300–400 °C ensures the production of improved electrode materials for SC applications. Fluoroalkylation is a simple and cost-effective method of improving the specific capacitance of carbon-based SC electrodes.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by projects 0119U100326 (19BF07-01) and 0120U102178 (20BF051-02). The author is grateful to Dr. Peter Kondratyuk for his critical reading of the manuscript and to the Energo Chem Service, LLC (exs.com.ua)—the official Norit® distributor in Ukraine for supplying with Norit samples.
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There are no conflicts to declare. A. Zaderko, V. Prusov, and V. Diyuk are listed as inventors on the United States Patent number 10,000,382 and on the Ukraine Patent number 110,301: Method for carbon material surface modification by the fluorocarbons and derivatives. A. Zaderko is the owner of the trademark, Fluocar, registered in the United States, Reg. no. 5,479,088, and in Ukraine, Reg. no. 213,198.
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Representative TEM micrograph with EDX analysis; Electrochemical properties measured in aqueous and aprotic electrolytes; The equivalent circuit schema and an example of EIS data fitting; Representative Ragone plot; Tables of FTIR ATR bands assignment, thermal analysis data (weight loss at selected temperature ranges), and specific capacitances calculated from CV measurements (DOCX 2208 KB)
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Zaderko, A.N., Grishchenko, L.M., Pontiroli, D. et al. Enhancing the performance of carbon electrodes in supercapacitors through medium-temperature fluoroalkylation. Appl Nanosci 12, 361–376 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01651-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01651-0