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Global diversity and distribution of Lamippidae copepods symbiotic on Octocorallia

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Abstract

This paper reviews all currently known records of copepod crustaceans of the family Lamippidae (Cyclopoida). The lamippids are highly modified endosymbionts found only on octocorals in the channels of mesoglea and gall-like proliferations of the host tissues. 54 species and 11 genera of copepods have been reported associated with 42 species, 33 genera and 18 families of the octocoral orders Alcyonacea and Pennatulacea. The highest numbers of records of lamippids living on octocorals have been reported among the diverse and common octocoral families Alcyoniidae, Gorgoniidae, Nephtheidae, Pennatulidae, and Plexauridae. Lamippids are better studied on more common octocorals from shallow depths and still comparatively poorly studied on octocorals from bathyal and abyssal depths. Lamippids have been recorded from 62 sites in 12 realms of the World Ocean and are comparatively better studied in the Northern Atlantic, Central Indo-Pacific and Tropic Atlantic; no lamippids have been reported so far from the Tropical Eastern Pacific, Temperate South America, South Africa, or Australasia. The data show that only approximately 1% of potential octocoral hosts have been explored thus far, showing a clear need for further integrative studies on this unusual group of symbiotic crustaceans.

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Acknowledgments

Frank Ferrari commented draft of the manuscript; Chad Walter helped with searching for rare articles and the use of the WoRMS database. We thank two anonymous reviewers for comments that improved an earlier version of this manuscript.

Funding

Design and preparation of the database, analyses of the dataset and literature were supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants 18–04-01192, 18–54-34007 and 18–54-45016, respectively).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia

    Oksana A. Korzhavina & Viatcheslav N. Ivanenko

  2. Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

    James D. Reimer

  3. Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

    James D. Reimer

  4. Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner str. 3, 09599, Freiberg, Germany

    Hermann Ehrlich

  5. Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614, Poznan, Poland

    Hermann Ehrlich

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OK and VI conceived the research. OK and VI performed the analyses. OK, JR, HE, VI wrote the manuscript and contributed data analysis. All authors edited and approved the manuscript.

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Korzhavina, O.A., Reimer, J.D., Ehrlich, H. et al. Global diversity and distribution of Lamippidae copepods symbiotic on Octocorallia. Symbiosis 83, 265–277 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-021-00750-y

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