Abstract
Unripe banana flour is a premium nutritious product with a potential to curb degenerative diseases through resistant starch and gluten free traits, however, with scant techniques to monitor adulteration practices. The objective of the present study was to determine the efficacy of visible–near infrared spectroscopy (Vis–NIR) spectroscopy (Vis–NIRS) in the detection and quantification of unripe banana flour adulteration with wheat flour. To do this, simulated adulteration of a composite banana flour was performed with different levels of wheat flour, in intervals of 20 g kg−1, ranging from 0 to 800 g kg−1. Each level was acquired in duplicate giving a total of 82 samples. Vis–NIR spectral data was acquired using a portable F-750 spectrometer in the range 447–1005 nm. Spectral data was analysed chemometrically using principle components analysis and partial least squares regression (PLSR), with 41 samples used as a calibration set and 41 for validation. The first two principal components accounted for 95% of spectral data variation, revealing five distinct clusters related to 0 g kg−1, 20–200 g kg−1, 220–400 g kg−1, 420–600 g kg−1 and 620–800 g kg−1 adulterated samples. The best PLSR model to predict wheat flour adulteration degrees in unripe banana flour was obtained using 2nd derivative Savitzky–Golay (19-point smoothing, 2nd order polynomial), showing the highest R2c (0.991); R2p (0.993); RPD (12.021) and the lowest RMSEC (2.226 g kg−1) and RMSEP (1.993 g kg−1) values. The obtained Vis–NIRS PLSR models therefore demonstrated the technology novelty in monitoring unripe banana flour quality by the processing industries and in retail markets during product verification.
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Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Agricultural Research Council-Tropical and Subtropical Crops (ARC-TSC) through the Parliamentary Grand Project P03000019. The authors are grateful to Mr Lucio Zuma, Mr John Mthethwa and colleagues for agronomic support and assistance during fruit selection and harvesting.
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Ndlovu, P.F., Magwaza, L.S., Tesfay, S.Z. et al. Rapid visible–near infrared (Vis–NIR) spectroscopic detection and quantification of unripe banana flour adulteration with wheat flour. J Food Sci Technol 56, 5484–5491 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-04020-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-04020-0