Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nanoencapsulation of carotenoids: a focus on different delivery systems and evaluation parameters

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Journal of Food Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Different types of nanoparticles have been synthesized to protect carotenoids against exposition of external factors such as light, heat and oxygen; and processing conditions; to increase stability and to improve the bioavailability of nanoencapsulated carotenoid. The type of nanostructure synthesized (nanoemulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carrier, and polymeric nanoparticles) influences on the synthesis and nanoparticles stability, which reflect in physic-chemical characteristics such as polydispersity index, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency. Different nanostructures can be used to improve stability of carotenoids; however, currently, polymeric nanocapsules are the nanostructure most utilized due to its stability during storage, high efficiency to encapsulate and to control the release of the carotenoid encapsulated. Due to these considerations, they have been focus of researchers for future studies regarding to application of carotenoids nanoencapsulated by food industries. The focus of this review is the presentation of different carotenoids delivery systems and the use of techniques to evaluate parameters that might limit the application of this innovative and potential technology in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industry.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akbari B, Tavandashti MP, Zandrahimi M (2011) Particle size characterization of nanoparticles: a practical approach. Iran J Mater Sci Eng 8(2):48–56

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akbarzadeh A, Rezaei-Sadabady R, Davaran S, Joo SW, Zarghami N, Hanifehpour Y, Samiei M, Kouhi M, Nejati-Koshki K (2013) Liposome: classification, preparation, and applications. Nanoscale Res Lett 8(1):102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anarjan N, Tan CP, Nehdi IA, Ling TC (2012) Colloidal astaxanthin: preparation, characterisation and bioavailability evaluation. Food Chem 135(3):1303–1309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arana L, Salado C, Vega S, Aizpurua-Olaizola O, Idl Arada, Suarez T, Usobiaga A, Arrondo JL, Alonso A, Goñi FM, Alkorta I (2015) Solid lipid nanoparticles for delivery of Calendula officinalis extract. Colloid Surf B 135:18–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhosale RR, Osmani RA, Ghodake PP, Shaikh SM, Chavan SR (2014) Nanoemulsion: a review on novel profusion in advanced drug delivery. Indian J Pharm Biol Res 2(1):122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birrenbach G, Speiser PP (1976) Polymerized micelles and their use as adjuvants in immunology. J Pharm Sci 65(12):1763–1766

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brum AAS, dos Santos PP, da Silva MM, Paese K, Guterres SS, Costa TMH, Pohlmann AR, Jablonski A, Flôres SH, Rios AdO (2017) Lutein-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules: physicochemical characterization and stability evaluation. Colloid Surf A 522:477–484

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt RC, Droleskey R (2005) Transmission electron microscopy current protocols in microbiology. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao-Hoang L, Fougère R, Waché Y (2011) Increase in stability and change in supramolecular structure of β-carotene through encapsulation into polylactic acid nanoparticles. Food Chem 124(1):42–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coradini K, Lima FO, Oliveira CM, Chaves PS, Athayde ML, Carvalho LM, Beck RCR (2014) Co-encapsulation of resveratrol and curcumin in lipid-core nanocapsules improves their in vitro antioxidant effects. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 88(1):178–185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Couvreur P, Dubernet C, Puisieux F (1995) Controlled drug delivery with nanoparticles: current possibilities and future trends. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 41(1):2–13

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Couvreur P, Barratt G, Fattal E, Vauthier C (2002) Nanocapsule technology: a review. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 19(2):99–134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Souza S (2014) A review of in vitro drug release test methods for nano-sized dosage forms. Adv Pharm 2014:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Souza SS, Faraj JA, DeLuca PP (2005) A model-dependent approach to correlate accelerated with real-time release from biodegradable microspheres. AAPS J 6(4):E553–E564

    Google Scholar 

  • Da Silva MM, Nora L, Cantillano RFF, Paese K, Guterres SS, Pohlmann AR, Costa TMH, Rios AdO (2016) The production, characterization, and the stability of carotenoids loaded in lipid-core nanocapsules. Food Bioprocess Tech 9(7):1148–1158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Da Silva MM, Paese K, Guterres SS, Pohlmann AR, Rutz JK, Cantillano RFF, Nora L, Rios AdO (2017) Thermal and ultraviolet–visible light stability kinetics of co-nanoencapsulated carotenoids. Food Bioprod Process 105:86–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donsì F, Sessa M, Mediouni H, Mgaidi A, Ferrari G (2011) Encapsulation of bioactive compounds in nanoemulsion-based delivery systems. Proc Food Sci 1:1666–1671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dos Santos PP, Paese K, Guterres SS, Pohlmann AR, Costa TH, Jablonski A, Flôres SH, Rios AdO (2015) Development of lycopene-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules: physicochemical characterization and stability study. J Nanopart Res 17(2):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Dos Santos PP, Paese K, Guterres SS, Pohlmann AR, Jablonski A, Flôres SH, Rios AdO (2016) Stability study of lycopene-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules under temperature and photosensitization. Lebensm Wiss Technol 71:190–195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ezhilarasi PN, Karthik P, Chhanwal N, Anandharamakrishnan C (2012) Nanoencapsulation techniques for food bioactive components: a review. Food Bioprocess Technol 6(3):628–647

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fathi M, Mozafari MR, Mohebbi M (2012) Nanoencapsulation of food ingredients using lipid based delivery systems. Trends Food Sci Technol 23(1):13–27

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaumet M, Vargas A, Gurny R, Delie F (2008) Nanoparticles for drug delivery: the need for precision in reporting particle size parameters. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 69(1):1–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez-Hens A, Fernández-Romero JM (2006) Analytical methods for the control of liposomal delivery systems. Trend Anal Chem 25(2):167–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gregoriadis G (1973) Drug entrapment in liposomes. FEBS Lett 36(3):292–296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez FJ, Albillos SM, Casas-Sanz E, Cruz Z, García-Estrada C, García-Guerra A, García-Reverter J, García-Suárez M, Gatón P, González-Ferrero C, Olabarrieta I, Olasagasti M, Rainieri S, Rivera-Patiño D, Rojo R, Romo-Hualde A, Sáiz-Abajo M-J, Mussons M-L (2013) Methods for the nanoencapsulation of β-carotene in the food sector. Trends Food Sci Technol 32(2):73–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ha TV, Kim S, Choi Y, Kwak H-S, Lee SJ, Wen J, Oey I, Ko S (2015) Antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility of size-different nanoemulsions for lycopene-enriched tomato extract. Food Chem 178:115–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hejri A, Khosravi A, Gharanjig K, Hejazi M (2013) Optimisation of the formulation of β-carotene loaded nanostructured lipid carriers prepared by solvent diffusion method. Food Chem 141(1):117–123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honary S, Zahir F (2013) Effect of zeta potential on the properties of nano-drug delivery systems-a review (Part 1). Trop J Pharm Res 12(2):255–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong DY, Lee J-S, Lee HG (2016) Chitosan/poly-γ-glutamic acid nanoparticles improve the solubility of lutein. Int J Biol Macromol 85:9–15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur S, Nautyal U, Singh R, Singh S, Devi A (2015) Nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC): the new generation of lipid nanoparticles. APJHS 2(2):76–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer R (1990) New methods of drug delivery. Science 249(4976):1527–1533

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lerfall J (2016) Carotenoids: occurrence, properties and determination. In: Caballero B, Finglas P, Toldrá F (eds) Encyclopedia of food and health, 1st edn. Elsevier, Trondheim, pp 663–669

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Zheng J, Xiao H, McClements DJ (2012) Nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for poorly water-soluble bioactive compounds: influence of formulation parameters on polymethoxyflavone crystallization. Food Hydrocolloid 27(2):517–528

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li C, Li X, Li S, Weng Y, Wang K, Zhang T, Chen S, Lu X, Jiang Y, Xu J, Liang X (2016) Development and validation of a method for determination of encapsulation efficiency of CPT-11/DSPE-mPEG2000 nanoparticles. Med Chem (Los Angeles) 6:345–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim E-K, Jang E, Lee K, Haam S, Huh Y-M (2013) Delivery of cancer therapeutics using nanotechnology. Pharmaceutics 5(2):294–317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lobato KBdS, Paese K, Forgearini JC, Guterres SS, Jablonski A, Rios AdO (2013) Characterisation and stability evaluation of bixin nanocapsules. Food Chem 141(4):3906–3912

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lobato KBdS, Paese K, Forgearini JC, Guterres SS, Jablonski A, Rios AdO (2015) Evaluation of stability of bixin in nanocapsules in model systems of photosensitization and heating. Lebensm Wiss Technol 60(1):8–14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason TG, Wilking JN, Meleson K, Chang CB, Graves SM (2006) Nanoemulsions: formation, structure, and physical properties. J Phys Condens Mater 18(41):R635

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehnert W, Mäder K (2001) Solid lipid nanoparticles: production, characterization and applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 47(2–3):165–196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra RK, Soni GC, Mishra R (2014) Nanoemulsion: a novel drug delivery tool. Int J Pharm Res Rev 3(7):32–43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitri K, Shegokar R, Gohla S, Anselmi C, Müller RH (2011) Lipid nanocarriers for dermal delivery of lutein: preparation, characterization, stability and performance. Int J Pharm 414(1–2):267–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moraru CI, Panchapakesan CP, Huang QR, Takhistov P, Liu S, Kokini JL (2003) Nanotechnology: a new frontier in food science. Food Technol 57(12):24–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Mozafari MR, Johnson C, Hatziantoniou S, Demetzos C (2008) Nanoliposomes and their applications in food nanotechnology. J Liposome Res 18(4):309–327

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muller LK, Landfester K (2015) Natural liposomes and synthetic polymeric structures for biomedical applications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 468(3):411–418

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müller RH, Mäder K, Gohla S (2000) Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery—a review of the state of the art. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 50(1):161–177

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muthu MS, Singh S (2009) Poly (d, l-lactide) nanosuspensions of risperidone for parenteral delivery: formulation and in vitro evaluation. Curr Drug Deliv 6(1):62–68

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagarajaiah SB, Prakash J (2015) Nutritional composition, acceptability, and shelf stability of carrot pomace-incorporated cookies with special reference to total and β-carotene retention. Cogent Food Agric 1(1):1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Okonogi S, Riangjanapatee P (2015) Physicochemical characterization of lycopene-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier formulations for topical administration. Int J Pharm 478(2):726–735

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Onoue S, Yamada S, Chan H-K (2014) Nanodrugs: pharmacokinetics and safety. Int J Nanomed 9:1025–1037

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qian C, Decker EA, Xiao H, McClements DJ (2013) Impact of lipid nanoparticle physical state on particle aggregation and β-carotene degradation: potential limitations of solid lipid nanoparticles. Food Res Int 52(1):342–349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quintanar-Guerrero D, Allemann E, Fessi H, Doelker E (1998) Preparation techniques and mechanisms of formation of biodegradable nanoparticles from preformed polymers. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 24(12):1113–1128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radtke M, Muller RH (2001) NLS™ nanostructured lipid carriers: the new generation of lipid drug carriers. New Drugs 2:48–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao MP, Manjunath K, Bhagawati ST, Thippeswamy BS (2014) Bixin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for enhanced hepatoprotection—Preparation, characterisation and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 473(1–2):485–492

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sáiz-Abajo M-J, González-Ferrero C, Moreno-Ruiz A, Romo-Hualde A, González-Navarro CJ (2013) Thermal protection of β-carotene in re-assembled casein micelles during different processing technologies applied in food industry. Food Chem 138(2–3):1581–1587

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanguansri P, Augustin MA (2006) Nanoscale materials development—a food industry perspective. Trends Food Sci Technol 17(10):547–556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Pandey VK, Tewari RP, Agarwal V (2011) Nanoparticle based drug delivery system: advantages and applications. Indian J Sci Technol 4(3):177–180

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sozer N, Kokini JL (2009) Nanotechnology and its applications in the food sector. Trends Biotechnol 27(2):82–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamjidi F, Shahedi M, Varshosaz J, Nasirpour A (2014) Design and characterization of astaxanthin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers. Innov Food Sci Emerg 26:366–374

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tachaprutinun A, Udomsup T, Luadthong C, Wanichwecharungruang S (2009) Preventing the thermal degradation of astaxanthin through nanoencapsulation. Int J Pharma 374(1–2):119–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan C, Zhang Y, Abbas S, Feng B, Zhang X, Xia S (2014) Modulation of the carotenoid bioaccessibility through liposomal encapsulation. Colloid Surf B 123:692–700

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan C, Feng B, Zhang X, Xia W, Xia S (2016a) Biopolymer-coated liposomes by electrostatic adsorption of chitosan (chitosomes) as novel delivery systems for carotenoids. Food Hydrocolloid 52:774–784

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan TB, Yussof NS, Abas F, Mirhosseini H, Nehdi IA, Tan CP (2016b) Forming a lutein nanodispersion via solvent displacement method: the effects of processing parameters and emulsifiers with different stabilizing mechanisms. Food Chem 194:416–423

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toniazzo T, Berbel IF, Cho S, Fávaro-Trindade CS, Moraes ICF, Pinho SC (2014) β-carotene-loaded liposome dispersions stabilized with xanthan and guar gums: physico-chemical stability and feasibility of application in yogurt. Lebensm Wiss Technol 59((2, Part 2)):1265–1273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Üner M, Yener G (2007) Importance of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) in various administration routes and future perspectives. Int J Nanomed 2(3):289–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Venturini CG, Jäger E, Oliveira CP, Bernardi A, Battastini AMO, Guterres SS, Pohlmann AR (2011) Formulation of lipid core nanocapsules. Colloid Surf A 375(1–3):200–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vishwanathan R, Wilson TA, Nicolosi RJ (2009) Bioavailability of a nanoemulsion of lutein is greater than a lutein supplement. Nano Biomed Eng 1(1):38–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Q, Zhao Y, Guan L, Zhang Y, Dang Q, Dong P, Li J, Liang X (2017) Preparation of astaxanthin-loaded DNA/chitosan nanoparticles for improved cellular uptake and antioxidation capability. Food Chem 227:9–15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss J, Decker E, McClements DJ, Kristbergsson K, Helgason T, Awad T (2008) Solid lipid nanoparticles as delivery systems for bioactive food components. Food Biophys 3(2):146–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Win KY, Feng S-S (2005) Effects of particle size and surface coating on cellular uptake of polymeric nanoparticles for oral delivery of anticancer drugs. Biomaterials 26(15):2713–2722

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu L, Zhang J, Watanabe W (2011) Physical and chemical stability of drug nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 63(6):456–469

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xia S, Tan C, Zhang Y, Abbas S, Feng B, Zhang X, Qin F (2015) Modulating effect of lipid bilayer–carotenoid interactions on the property of liposome encapsulation. Colloid Surf B 128:172–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yin L-J, Chu B-S, Kobayashi I, Nakajima M (2009) Performance of selected emulsifiers and their combinations in the preparation of β-carotene nanodispersions. Food Hydrocolloid 23(6):1617–1622

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan Y, Gao Y, Mao L, Zhao J (2008) Optimisation of conditions for the preparation of β-carotene nanoemulsions using response surface methodology. Food Chem 107(3):1300–1306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu J, Zhuang P, Luan L, Sun Q, Cao F (2015) Preparation and characterization of novel nanocarriers containing krill oil for food application. J Funct Food 19:902–912

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brazil) for the Grant (Proc. 00.889.834/0001-08).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Food Science and Technology (ICTA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970, Brazil

    Priscilla Pereira dos Santos, Larissa de Aguiar Andrade, Simone Hickmann Flôres & Alessandro de Oliveira Rios

  2. Department of Food Technology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS), Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, 99713-028, Brazil

    Priscilla Pereira dos Santos

Authors
  1. Priscilla Pereira dos Santos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Larissa de Aguiar Andrade
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Simone Hickmann Flôres
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Alessandro de Oliveira Rios
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alessandro de Oliveira Rios.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

dos Santos, P.P., Andrade, L.d., Flôres, S.H. et al. Nanoencapsulation of carotenoids: a focus on different delivery systems and evaluation parameters. J Food Sci Technol 55, 3851–3860 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3316-6

Download citation

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3316-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation