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Depositional and diagenetic studies of the middle Jurassic Samana Suk Formation in the Trans Indus Ranges and western extension of Hill Ranges, Pakistan: an integrated sedimentological and geochemical approach

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Abstract

The middle Jurassic Samana Suk Formation is well exposed in Himalayan foreland fold and thrust belt forming a good hydrocarbon reservoir of the Indus Basin; however, the combined sedimentological and geochemical studies are not conducted so far. An integrated approach using field, petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic studies was used to better understand the depositional and diagenetic processes within the formation. The formation is predominantly composed of thin to medium-bedded limestone with intercalation of shale. Field observations reveal sedimentary and diagenetic features such as cross bedding, sole marks, ripple marks, convolute bedding, stylolites, dissolution marks and patchy dolomitization. Microfacies associations include mudflat microfacies associations (mudstone MF-1, dolo-mudstone MF-2), lagoonal microfacies associations (siliciclastic bio-packstone MF-3, peloidal bioclastic packstone MF-4, bioclastic wackestone MF-5, and peloidal wackestone MF-6), barrier/shoal microfacies association (peloidal grainstone MF-7, ooidal–peloidal bioclastic grainstone MF-8, ooidal grainstone MF-9, and bioclastic peloidal grainstone MF-10). The above-mentioned microfacies associations suggest the deposition in the ramp settings (mudflats, lagoonal and shoal). The diagenetic features include: micritization, mechanical/chemical compaction, dissolution, neomorphism, cementation, dolomitization and fracturing. Selective replacement of grain dominated facies represents fabric retentive replacive dolomite RD-I formed at the early phase, followed by matrix replacive dolomite RD-II. Late-stage diagenetic alteration is marked by fabric-destructive dolomite RD-III. Geochemical data show a consistent decrease in salinity from the early to late diagenetic phases characterized by elevated Na and K concentration and reduced Fe and Mn concentration. Furthermore, stable isotopic data of limestone and dolomite phases show non-depleted δ13 C values ranging from + 0.26 to + 1.86‰ VPDB suggesting no external supply of carbon after the deposition of the carbonate units. The non-depleted δ18 O values ranging from − 1.96 to − 0.45‰ VPDB of dolomite phases represents seawater signatures, and hence may have formed in surface processes of marine water in mudflat settings/evaporitic conditions. Paleogeographically, Samana Suk Formation exhibits similar depositional conditions with the western coastline of the Tethys.

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Acknowledgements

Department of Physics and Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, are especially acknowledged for providing the geochemical analysis facility.

Funding

Partial support of this study is provided by Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, to carry out field work and partial funding is granted by Higher Education Commission, Pakistan, Access to Scientific Instruments Program (ASIP) for the laboratory analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan

    Muhammad Shahzeb, Mumtaz Muhammad Shah, Hamad ur Rahim & Jawad Ahmed Jan

  2. Earth Sciences Division, Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Garden Avenue, Shakarparian, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

    Hamad ur Rahim & Jawad Ahmed Jan

  3. Department of Geology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18800, Pakistan

    Imran Ahmad

  4. Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Rayan Khalil

  5. Department of Geology, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, 27200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Kamran Shehzad

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Contributions

MS has carried out field, petrography, and geochemical studies, and prepared the initial draft of MS. MMS: thesis supervision, funds arrangement, and draft checking. HUR carried out fieldwork and petrography, and checked the whole draft and finalized the MS. JAJ helped 1st author in geochemical studies and done the art work. IA helped in manuscript preparation. RK drafted the figures and proofread the whole manuscript. KS helped in field studies and supervision.

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Correspondence to Hamad ur Rahim.

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Shahzeb, M., Shah, M.M., Rahim, H.u. et al. Depositional and diagenetic studies of the middle Jurassic Samana Suk Formation in the Trans Indus Ranges and western extension of Hill Ranges, Pakistan: an integrated sedimentological and geochemical approach. Carbonates Evaporites 39, 19 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-024-00937-6

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