Abstract
The marine ecosystem of the Jiaozhou Bay has degraded significantly in fisheries productivity and its ecological roles as spawning and nursery ground for many species of commercial importance has been declining in recent years. A mass-balanced trophic model was developed using Ecopath with Ecosim to evaluate the trophic structure of the Jiaozhou Bay for improving ecosystem management. The model were parameterized based on the fisheries survey data in the Jiaozhou Bay in 2011, including 23 species groups and one detritus group according to their ecological roles. The trophic levels of these ecological groups ranged from 1 (primary producers and detritus) to 4.3 (large demersal fishes). The estimated total system throughput was 12 917.10 t/(km2·a), with 74.59% and 25.41% contribution of the total energy flows from phytoplankton and detritus, respectively. Network analyses showed that the overall transfer efficiency of the ecosystem was 14.4%, and the mean transfer efficiency was 14.5% for grazing food chain and 13.9% for detritus food chain. The system omnivory index (SOI), Finn’s cycled index (FCI) and connectance index (CI) were relatively low in this area while the total primary production/total respiration (TPP/TR) was high, indicating an immature and unstable status of the Jiaozhou Bay ecosystem. Mixed trophic impact analysis revealed that the cultured shellfish had substantial negative impacts on most functional groups. This study contributed to ecosystem-level evaluation and management planning of the Jiaozhou Bay ecosystem.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andersen K H, Beyer J E. 2015. Size structure, not metabolic scaling rules, determines fisheries reference points. Fish and Fisheries, 16(1): 1–22
Bacalso R T M, Wolff M. 2014. Trophic flow structure of the Danajon ecosystem (Central Philippines) and impacts of illegal and destructive fishing practices. Journal of Marine Systems, 139: 103–118
Byron C, Link J, Costa-Pierce B, et al. 2011a. Calculating ecological carrying capacity of shellfish aquaculture using mass-balance modeling: narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. Ecological Modelling, 222(10): 1743–1755
Byron C, Link J, Costa-Pierce B, et al. 2011b. Modeling ecological carrying capacity of shellfish aquaculture in highly flushed temperate lagoons. Aquaculture, 314(1–4): 87–99
Chen Zuozhi, Qiu Yongsong, Jia Xiaoping, et al. 2008. Using an ecosystem modeling approach to explore possible ecosystem impacts of fishing in the Beibu Gulf, northern South China Sea. Ecosystems, 11(8): 1318–1334
Cheng Jisheng, Zhu Jinsheng. 1997. Study on the feeding habit and tropchic level of nektonic invertebrate in Yellow Sea. Haiyang Xuebao (in Chinese), 19(6): 102–108
Christensen V. 1995. Ecosystem maturity-towards quantification. Ecological Modelling, 77(1): 3–32
Christensen V, Pauly D. 1993. Trophic models of aquatic ecosystems. In: ICLARM Conference Proceedings 26. Manila, Philippines: International Center for Living Resources Management
Christensen V, Walters C J. 2004. Ecopath with Ecosim: methods, capabilities and limitations. Ecological Modelling, 172(2–4): 109–139
Christensen V, Walters C J, Pauly D. 2005. Ecopath with Ecosim: A User’s Guide. Vancouver, Canada: Fisheries Centre University of British Columbia
Colléter M, Valls A, Guitton J, et al. 2015. Global overview of the applications of the Ecopath with Ecosim modeling approach using the EcoBase models repository. Ecological Modelling, 302: 42–53
Costanza R, d’Arge R, de Groot R, et al. 1998. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Ecological Economics, 25(1): 3–15
Cury P M, Shannon L J, Roux J P, et al. 2005. Trophodynamic indicators for an ecosystem approach to fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62(3): 430–442
Deng Jingyao, Meng Tianxiang, Ren Shengmin, et al. 1988. Species composition, abundance and distribution of fishes in the Bohai Sea. Marine Fisheries Research (in Chinese), 9(1): 11–89
Essington T E. 2007. Evaluating the sensitivity of a trophic mass-balance model (Ecopath) to imprecise data inputs. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 64(4): 628–637
Ferriss B E, Reum J C P, McDonald P S, et al. 2016. Evaluating trophic and non-trophic effects of shellfish aquaculture in a coastal estuarine food web. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73(2): 429–440
Finn J T. 1976. Measures of ecosystem structure and function derived from analysis of flows. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 56(2): 363–380
Fulton E A, Smith A D M, Johnson C R. 2004. Effects of spatial resolution on the performance and interpretation of marine ecosystem models. Ecological Modelling, 176(1–2): 27–42
Garcia S M, Kolding J, Rice J, et al. 2012. Reconsidering the consequences of selective fisheries. Science, 335(6072): 1045–1047
Geers T M, Pikitch E K, Frisk M G. 2016. An original model of the northern Gulf of Mexico using Ecopath with Ecosim and its implications for the effects of fishing on ecosystem structure and maturity. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 129: 319–331
Grüss A, Schirripa M J, Chagaris D, et al. 2015. Evaluation of the trophic structure of the West Florida Shelf in the 2000s using the ecosystem model OSMOSE. Journal of Marine Systems, 144: 30–47
Greenstreet S P R, Rogers S I. 2006. Indicators of the health of the North Sea fish community: identifying reference levels for an ecosystem approach to management. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 63(4): 573–593
Guo Chuanbo, Ye Shaowen, Lek S, et al. 2013. The need for improved fishery management in a shallow macrophytic lake in the Yangtze River basin: evidence from the food web structure and ecosystem analysis. Ecological Modelling, 267: 138–147
Guo Feng, Zhao Jun, Chen Jufa, et al. 2012. Nitrogen and phosphorous pollution in shellfish culture areas of Jiaozhou Bay. Progress in Fishery Sciences (in Chinese), 33(5): 116–122
Han Dongyan, Xue Ying, Ji Yupeng, et al. 2013. Trophic and spatial niche of five gobiid fishes in Jiaozhou Bay. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China (in Chinese), 20(1): 148–156
Han Dongyan, Xue Ying, Ren Yiping, et al. 2015. Spatial and seasonal variations in the trophic spectrum of demersal fish assemblages in Jiaozhou Bay, China. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 33(4): 934–944
Hobday A J, Smith A D M, Stobutzki I C, et al. 2011. Ecological risk assessment for the effects of fishing. Fisheries Research, 108(2–3): 372–384
Jennings S, Kaiser M J. 1998. The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Advances in Marine Biology, 34: 201–352
Jiang Weimin, Gibbs M T. 2005. Predicting the carrying capacity of bivalve shellfish culture using a steady, linear food web model. Aquaculture, 244(1–4): 171–185
Leloup F A, Desroy N, Le Mao P, et al. 2008. Interactions between a natural food web, shellfish farming and exotic species: the case of the Bay of Mont Saint Michel (France). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 76(1): 111–120
Li Yunkai, Chen Yong, Song Bing, et al. 2009. Ecosystem structure and functioning of Lake Taihu (China) and the impacts of fishing. Fisheries Research, 95(2–3): 309–324
Li Shiyan, Han Dongyan, Ma Qiuyun, et al. 2014. Feeding habits of Enedrias fangi in Jiaozhou Bay based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China (in Chinese), 21(6): 1220–1226
Lin Qun, Jin Xianshi, Zhang Bo, et al. 2009. Comparative study on the changes of the Bohai Sea ecosystem structure based on Ecopath model between ten years. Acta Ecologica Sinica (in Chinese), 29(7): 3613–3620
Lin Qun, Jin Xianshi, Zhang Bo. 2013. Trophic interactions, ecosystem structure and function in the southern Yellow Sea. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 31(1): 46–58
Lindeman R L. 1942. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology, 23(4): 399–417
Link J, Col L, Guida V, et al. 2009. Response of balanced network models to large-scale perturbation: implications for evaluating the role of small pelagics in the Gulf of Maine. Ecological Modelling, 220(3): 351–369
Liu Ruiyu. 1992. Ecology and Living Resources of Jiaozhou Bay (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press
Liu Qun, Xu Binduo, Ye Zhenjiang, et al. 2012. Growth and mortality of small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) inhabiting Haizhou bay of China. Journal of Ocean University of China, 11(4): 557–561
Liu Yuanwen, Xue Ying, Wei Bangfu, et al. 2014. An estimation of population parameters for five major fish species in the Haizhou Bay, Yellow Sea. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China (in Chinese), 21(1): 125–133
Mei Chun, Xu Binduo, Xue Ying, et al. 2010. Fish community structure and species diversity during autumn and winter in the central waters of Jiaozhou Bay. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China (in Chinese), 17(1): 110–118
Morissette L, Hammill M O, Savenkoff C. 2006. The trophic role of marine mammals in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Marine Mammal Science, 22(1): 74–103
Nuttall M A, Jordaan A, Cerrato R M, et al. 2011. Identifying 120 years of decline in ecosystem structure and maturity of Great South Bay, New York using the Ecopath modelling approach. Ecological Modelling, 222(18): 3335–3345
Odum E P. 1969. The strategy of ecosystem development. Science, 164(3877): 262–270
Odum E P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders
Ouyang Lijian, Guo Xuewu. 2010. Studies on the Q/B values and food consumption of major fishes in the east China sea and the Yellow Sea. Progress in Fishery Sciences (in Chinese), 31(2): 23–29
Panikkar P, Khan M F. 2008. Comparative mass-balanced trophic models to assess the impact of environmental management measures in a tropical reservoir ecosystem. Ecological Modelling, 212(3–4): 280–291
Pauly D, Christensen V, Dalsgaaard J, et al. 1998. Fishing down marine food webs. Science, 279(5352): 860–863
Pranovi F, Libralato S, Raicevich S, et al. 2003. Mechanical clam dredging in Venice lagoon: ecosystem effects evaluated with a trophic mass-balance model. Marine Biology, 143(2): 393–403
Shin Y J, Cury P. 2004. Using an individual-based model of fish assemblages to study the response of size spectra to changes in fishing. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61(3): 414–431
Suh Y J, Shin K H. 2013. Size-related and seasonal diet of the manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum), as determined using dual stable isotopes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 135: 94–105
Sui Jixing, Yu Zishan, Qu Fangyuan, et al. 2010. Preliminary ecological study of the macrobenthos in the middle part of the Jiaozhou Bay. Marine Sciences (in Chinese), 34(5): 1–6
Sun Song, Li Chaolun, Zhang Guangtao, et al. 2011. Long-term Changes in the zooplankton community in the Jiaozhou Bay. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica (in Chinese), 42(5): 625–631
Sun Jun, Liu Dongyan, Qian Shuben. 2000. Study on phytoplankton biomass: II. Net-phytoplankton measurement biomass estimated from the cell volume in the Jiaozhou Bay. Haiyang Xuebao (in Chinese), 22(1): 102–109
Torres M Á, Coll M, Heymans J J, et al. 2013. Food-web structure of and fishing impacts on the Gulf of Cadiz ecosystem (Southwestern Spain). Ecological Modelling, 265: 26–44
Ulanowicz R E, Puccia C J. 1990. Mixed trophic impacts in ecosystems. Coenoses, 5(1): 7–16
Wang Jialin. 1993. China’s Bay (in Chinese). Beijing: China Ocean Press
Witherell D, Pautzke C, Fluharty D. 2000. An ecosystem-based approach for Alaska groundfish fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57(3): 771–777
Wu Zhongxin, Zhang Xiumei, Zhang Lei, et al. 2012. Structure and function of Lidao artificial reef ecosystem in Rongcheng of Shandong Province, East China: an evaluation based on Ecopath model. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (in Chinese), 23(10): 2878–2886
Xu Shanliang, Wang Chunlin, Mei Wenxiang, et al. 1996. Preliminary studies on propagation and feeding habits of Oratosquilla oratoria in northern Zhejiang Sea areas. Journal of Zhejiang College of Fisheries (in Chinese), 15(1): 30–36
Xue Ying, Jin Xianshi, Zhang Bo, et al. 2004. Diet composition and seasonal variation in feeding habits of small yellow croaker Pseudosciaena polyactis Bleeker in the central Yellow Sea. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China (in Chinese), 11(3): 237–243
Yang Jiming. 2001. A study on food and trophic levels of Bohai sea copepoda. Modern Fisheries Information (in Chinese), 16(6): 6–10
Yang Jiming, Tan Xuejing. 2000. Food analysis of three cephalopod species in the Bohai Sea. Marine Sciences (in Chinese), 24(4): 53–55
Zeng Huihui, Xu Binduo, Xue Ying, et al. 2012. Study on fish species composition and seasonal variation in the shallow waters of Jiaozhou Bay. Periodical of Ocean University of China (in Chinese), 42(1–2): 67–74
Zhang Bo. 2007. Diet composition and ontogenetic variation in feeding habits of Cleithenes herzensteini in central Yellow Sea. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (in Chinese), 18(8): 1849–1854
Zhang Yuying, Chen Yong. 2007. Modeling and evaluating ecosystem in 1980s and 1990s for American lobster (Homarus americanus) in the Gulf of Maine. Ecological Modelling, 203(3–4): 475–489
Zhang Mingliang, Leng Yueshan, Lv Zhenbo, et al. 2013. Estimating the ecological carrying capacity of Portunus trituberculatus in Laizhou Bay. Marine Fisheries (in Chinese), 35(3): 303–308
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ministry of Agriculture under contract No. 201303050-02; the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project for the Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology under contract No. 2015ASKJ02; the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under contract No. 201262004; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 41006083; the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China under contract No. ZR2010DQ026.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Han, D., Xue, Y., Zhang, C. et al. A mass balanced model of trophic structure and energy flows of a semi-closed marine ecosystem. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 36, 60–69 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-017-1071-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-017-1071-6