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The Rabbit Shunt Model of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

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Abstract

Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a disease with devastating complications that leads to stroke, permanent neurological deficits and death. Clinical and ex-perimental work has demonstrated the importance of the contribution of delayed cerebral vasospasm (DCVS) indepen-dent early events to mortality, morbidity and functional out-come after SAH. In order to elucidate processes involved in early brain injury (EBI), animal models that reflect acute events of aneurysmal bleeding, such as increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) and decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure, are needed. In the presented arterial shunt model, bleeding is initially driven by the pressure gradient between mean arterial blood pressure and ICP. SAH dynamics (flow rate, volume and duration) depend on physiological reactions and local anatomical intrathecal (cistern) conditions. During SAH, ICP reaches a plateau close to diastolic arterial blood pressure and the blood flow stops. Historical background, anaesthesia, perioperative care and monitoring, SAH induction, technical considerations and advantages and limitations of the rabbit blood shunt SAH model are discussed in detail. Awareness of technical details, physiological characteristics and appropriate monitoring methods guarantees successful implementation of the rabbit blood shunt model and allows the study of both EBI and DCVS after SAH.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Erica Holt, Editorial Office, Department of Neurosurgery, Aarau, Switzerland, for proofreading and editing the final manuscript. We appreciate the skillful management of animal care, anaesthesia and operative assistance from Daniel Mettler, DVM; Max Müller, DVM; and Daniel Zalokar and Olgica Beslac, Experimental Surgical Institute, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. We thank Michael Lensch, Head Research Nurse, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, for real-time data monitoring and post-processing of the physiological parameters.

Sources of Funding

This work was supported by the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; the Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland and the Research Fund from the Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland. We thank Informa Healthcare, for re-print permission for Fig. 1.

Compliance with Ethics Requirements

The study was performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health guidelines for the care and use of experimental animals and with the approval of the Animal Care Committee of the Canton of Bern, Switzerland. All surgical procedures were performed under sterile conditions at the Experimental Surgical Institute of the Department of Clinical Research at Bern University Hospital in Bern, Switzerland. A veterinary anaesthesiologist monitored the animals during surgery and throughout recovery.

Conflict of Interest

None. The authors have no financial or commercial interest in any of the drugs, materials or equipment used. The authors are solely responsible for the design and conduct of the presented study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory of the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Serge Marbacher, Edin Nevzati, Davide Croci, Salome Erhardt, Carl Muroi, Stephan M. Jakob & Javier Fandino

  2. Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland

    Serge Marbacher, Edin Nevzati, Davide Croci, Salome Erhardt, Carl Muroi & Javier Fandino

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  1. Serge Marbacher
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Correspondence to Serge Marbacher.

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Marbacher, S., Nevzati, E., Croci, D. et al. The Rabbit Shunt Model of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage. Transl. Stroke Res. 5, 669–680 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-014-0369-3

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