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Understanding the Pharmacological and Nanotechnological Facets of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors in Type II Diabetes Mellitus: a Paradigm in Therapeutics

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Abstract

The worldwide incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a chronic metabolic disorder, is increasing rapidly. A newer category of oral hypoglycemic medications called dipeptidyl peptidases-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors has come into existence for the management of T2DM. DPP-4 inhibitors, i.e., linagliptin, saxagliptin, and sitagliptin, belong to BCS class III, while alogliptin belongs to BCS class I. These drugs have high aqueous solubility and, therefore, short elimination half-life which necessitates the need for multiple daily dosing. Furthermore, the unrestrained drug release from conventional tablets can cause elevation in systemic drug concentrations which might instigate gastrointestinal side effects. The poor membrane permeability of BCS class III drugs also results in their poor oral bioavailability. Therefore, clinical compliance and therapeutic efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors can be enhanced by nanotechnology-based techniques. This research paper has described various risk factors and pathophysiology of T2DM and also explained about the mode of action of DPP-4 inhibitors. The main objectives and rationale of this review include the exploration of preclinical pharmacological investigations and the summarization of developed nanoformulations of DPP-4 inhibitors researched in previous decades. The nanoformulations which has been synthesized for DPP-4 inhibitors in the past few decades for the management of T2DM include polymeric nanoparticle, solid lipid nanoparticle, transferosomes, niosomes, mucoadhesive nanoparticle, and self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India, 133207 for providing facilities for the completion of this review.

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  1. Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India, 133207

    Neha Tiwary, Neelam Sharma, Sukhbir Singh & Ishrat Zahoor

  2. Amity School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amity University, Mohali, Punjab, India

    Tapan Behl

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Neha Tiwary (N.T.) and Neelam Sharma (N.S.) conceived this study and wrote the final manuscript; Sukhbir Singh (S.S.) and Tapan Behl (T.B.) revised and edited this manuscript; Ishrat Zahoor (I.Z.) prepared figures.

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Correspondence to Neelam Sharma or Sukhbir Singh.

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Tiwary, N., Sharma, N., Singh, S. et al. Understanding the Pharmacological and Nanotechnological Facets of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors in Type II Diabetes Mellitus: a Paradigm in Therapeutics. BioNanoSci. 14, 211–229 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-023-01234-7

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