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Preparation, Characterization, and Anticancer Efficacy of Chitosan, Chitosan Encapsulated Piperine and Probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum (MTCC-1407), and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (MTCC-1423) Nanoparticles

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Abstract

Cervical cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers among women. The currently available treatments like immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery have many side effects, including urinary bladder infections, gynecological morbidity, and anal sphincter dysfunction. The gut microbiome, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus have the ability to recognize normal cells as well as cancerous cells. Chitosan encapsulated nanoparticles enhance the targeted drug delivery without any side effects. The present investigation demonstrates the efficacy of chitosan encapsulated piperine and probiotic nanoparticles against cervical cancer cells. Chitosan encapsulated nanoparticles are prepared by the tripolyphosphate cross-linking method. The characterization study of nanoparticles was carried out through UV–visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering analysis, zeta potential analysis, and SEM imaging techniques. The cytotoxic effect of chitosan encapsulated piperine, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus nanoparticles on HeLa cells was assessed by MTT assay. From the findings, we concluded that chitosan encapsulated probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus nanoparticles showed potent anti-cancer efficacy against HeLa cell lines.

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Availability of Data and Materials

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

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Abbreviations

HPV:

Human papillomavirus

L. plantarum :

Lactobacillus plantarum

L. rhamnosus :

Lactobacillus rhamnosus

PTEN:

Phosphatase and tensin homolog

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinases

DLS:

Dynamic light scattering

TPP:

Sodium tripolyphosphate

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

NaCl:

Sodium chloride

FBS:

Fetal bovine serum

MTT:

(3-(4,5-Dimethyl thiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

CS-NPs:

Chitosan nanoparticles

CS-PNPs:

Chitosan encapsulated piperine nanoparticles

CS-LPNPs:

Chitosan encapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum nanoparticles

CS-LRNPs:

Chitosan encapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus nanoparticles

PDI:

Poly dispersity index

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Acknowledgements

I and my co-authors would like to express our sincere gratitude towards Dr. K.M. Saradhadevi, Assistant Professor of the Department of Biochemistry, for her constant moral support and guidance throughout this research work.

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  1. Gayathiri Gunasangkaran and Anjali K. Ravi have equal contribution

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  1. Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India

    Gayathiri Gunasangkaran, Anjali K. Ravi & Saradhadevi Muthukrishnan

  2. Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Genetics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

    Vijaya Anand Arumugam

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Gayathiri Gunasangkaran: Drafting the article and submitting the final version of the article.

Anjali K. Ravi: Drafting the article and submitting the final version of the article.

Vijaya Anand Arumugam: Co- author who might assist the corresponding author and first author in writing the article.

Saradhadevi Muthukrishnan: Corresponding author make sustainable contribution for the intellectual input and designing the whole paper.

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Gunasangkaran, G., Ravi, A.K., Arumugam, V.A. et al. Preparation, Characterization, and Anticancer Efficacy of Chitosan, Chitosan Encapsulated Piperine and Probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum (MTCC-1407), and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (MTCC-1423) Nanoparticles. BioNanoSci. 12, 527–539 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-022-00961-7

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