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Geospatial aquifer vulnerability mapping using parametric models in Ondo metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria

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Abstract

This study utilized geographic information system-based overlay and index methods (DRASTIC, DRASTIC-LU, GOD and AVI models) in mapping groundwater vulnerability zones in Ondo town, Southwestern Nigeria. The models’ parameters were based on hydrogeological (well/borehole) data, geophysical data, and satellite imageries. The weightage of different parameters was done using analytical hierarchy process. The AVI distinguished the area’s vulnerability into two zones as high (94%) and extremely high (6%); GOD distinctly categorized the area into four vulnerability zones, comprising low (42%), moderate (17%), high (25%) and very high representing 16% of the study area. The AVI and GOD showed 60% correlation. On the other hand, the DRASTIC model showed three major zones, as moderately high found in the northwestern part, high, and very high vulnerability zones, constituting 33%, 50%, and 17%, respectively. The DRASTIC-LU based on index values, divided the area into high vulnerability zone (100–120) constituting 87% and very high vulnerability zone (120–145) with 13% aerial coverage. Thus, there is high level of correlation among the models (about 60%), as all displayed high/very high vulnerability zones which characterized the southern part of the study, which was also validated by the nitrate map with nitrate concentration varying from 7 to 15 mg/L. Thus, land use/cover, slope, hydraulic conductivity, net recharge, soil media, and depth to water level are very influential on groundwater quality in the study area, but land use/cover is the most predominant factor. The high percentage of the high vulnerable areas in the south requires prompt action to safeguard the aquifers from further pollution risk.

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Acknowledgements

The author is grateful to TETFund, Nigeria (under the Institution Based Research) Nigeria. Special appreciation to all students of Civil Engineering Technology Department for the assistance rendered during data acquisition.

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This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. This research was privately funded by the author. No fund was received from any agency or institution.

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  1. Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

    Olumuyiwa Olusola Falowo

  2. Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria

    Olumuyiwa Olusola Falowo & Olajumoke Ojo

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Author OOF designed, wrote the protocol, arranged experimental processes, and managed the literature searches. Author OOO analyzed and interpreted the data. Both authors OOF and OOO prepared and approved the manuscript.

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Falowo, O.O., Ojo, O. Geospatial aquifer vulnerability mapping using parametric models in Ondo metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria. Environ Earth Sci 82, 438 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-11138-0

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