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Hydrogeochemical and isotopic characteristics of emerging springs in southeastern Tunisia

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Abstract

In the present study, an integration of a hydrogeochemical investigation involving multivariate statistical analysis was conducted to identify the main processes governing spring water geochemistry in southeastern Tunisia. Springs geochemical composition is mainly controlled by water–rock interaction, dissolution of evaporite minerals, evaporation, and ion exchange reactions. The principal component analysis (PCA) confirms the dominance of the classical hydrochemical variables, originating from the natural weathering processes of sedimentary and evaporitic rocks in springs mineralization. Total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and water quality parameters (sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, magnesium hazard, permeability index, and Kelly’s ratio) confirm the irrigational suitability of the springs located in the Dahar plateau. Springs located in the wettest areas of the Dahar mountains were grouped separately in Gibb’s diagrams and in the PCA classification due to their low TDS values (< 866 mg/L). These springs show enrichment with stable isotopes (18O and 2H) composition confirming the current recharge by direct infiltration of rainwater. However, springs depleted in stable isotopes represent a probably longer residence time in the aquifer and exhibit mixing evaporation-dissolution processes. The d-excess values of springs located in the Gabes region show evidence of recharge water evaporation before infiltration. However higher values in the Dahar springs imply that rainwater is relatively less subjected to secondary evaporation during the recharge process. Results from this study demonstrate the benefits of using geochemical and isotopic data to confirm the possibility of spring water management in arid and semi-arid regions.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the staff members of the Dhehiba and Beni Khedeche Water Resources Division and the military for their logistic support during the fieldwork. All thanks and gratitude to Professors El houcine Essefi and Bedoui Nafti for their good reviews of this manuscript. The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers who helped improve the manuscript quality.

Funding

This research work was done for my phd project under the direction of Pr Samir Kamel within the research unit and the laboratory of "l'institut supérieur des sciences et techniques des eaux de Gabes". This research and analysis work was funded by the research unit.

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  1. Universite de Gabes Institut Superieur des Sciences et Techniques des Eaux Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia

    Radhia Essamin & Samir Kamel

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  1. Radhia Essamin
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Essamin, R., Kamel, S. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic characteristics of emerging springs in southeastern Tunisia. Environ Earth Sci 81, 211 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10337-5

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