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A systematic analysis method for rock failure mechanism under stress unloading conditions: a case of rock burst

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop a systematic method to analyze the rock failure mechanism under stress unloading conditions. In this method, three types of basic tests (Brazilian splitting, direct shear, and three-point bending) were used to extract acoustic emission (AE), dissipative energy, and fracture parameters to analyze the failure mechanism under stress unloading. The key parameters are as follows: the critical slope in rise time/amplitude—average frequency (RA-AF) coordinate system; the dissipation energy (us and ut) of unit shear and tensile cracks; relative roughness (δ) of fracture—variation coefficient of gray value of digital image for fracture. Additionally, the effectiveness of this method was illustrated by a rock burst experiment. The results show that most (92.3%) of the fragments during rock burst were produced by tension, while the energy consumed by shear cracks is ~ 1.03 times of tensile cracks. Moreover, the density of AE events is negatively correlated with the amount of released energy. Furthermore, the tensile microcracks concentrated as a splitting zone after yielding but before burst. However, in the burst stage, the shear microcracks breakthrough to form a shear zone, while the elastic strain energy released was partially transformed into kinetic energy to form the ejection zone. In addition, for the dissipation energy, the energy consumptions by shear, tension, and plastic deformation account for 62.5%, 25.2%, and 12.3%, respectively.

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Abbreviations

σt, P :

Tensile strength and peaking loading for Brazilian splitting test

d1, h1 :

Diameter and thickness of disc specimen

t1, h, a, S :

Thickness, height, length of pre-crack and span of bending specimen

F max :

Failure loading in three-point bending

K IC :

Fracture toughness

RA:

Rise time divide by amplitude

k :

Critical slope of shear and tensile micro-cracks

E sd , E td :

Energy consumed by shear and tensile cracks

u s , u t :

Energy consumed by unit shear and tensile cracks

As, At :

Area of shear and tensile cracks

Ee, Ed, Er :

Elastic, dissipation and residual strain energy for direct shear test

δ :

Relative roughness

SD gray matrix :

Standard deviation of gray matrix

M gray matrix :

Mean value of gray matrix

σ10, σ20, σ30 :

Initial maximum, intermediate, minimal principal stress, respectively

σ X2 :

Stress in X2 direction

U, Ue, Uk, Ud :

Total strain energy, elastic strain energy, kinetic energy, dissipation energy

U r e :

Releasable elastic strain energy

\( U^{p}_{d} \) :

Dissipation energy due to plastic deformation

Ud1, Ud2 :

Dissipation energy during yielding and burst stages, respectively

\( U^{s}_{d} ,U^{t}_{d} \) :

Dissipation energy by shear and tensile cracks

d :

Particle diameter, maximum length of any two points of the fragment

l, w, h :

Length, width and thickness of fragments

a, b, c :

a and b are equatorial radii and c is polar radius of ellipsoidal

n :

The number of sensors receiving a same signal

E i :

Absolute energy measured by sensor i

r i :

Distance between sensor i and the AE event

Ẽ :

Equivalent released energy

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Acknowledgements

Financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program (Grant No. 2016YFC0801603) and Province Education Department of LiaoNing (Grant No. 2020LNQN04) are gratefully acknowledged. Additionally, thanks Dr. Xie Hao for his support of the three-point bending tests.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering, University of Science and Technology LiaoNing, Anshan, 114051, China

    Fuqiang Ren & Yuan Chang

  2. State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics & Deep Underground Engineering, Beijing, 100083, China

    Fuqiang Ren & Manchao He

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  1. Fuqiang Ren
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  2. Yuan Chang
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  3. Manchao He
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Correspondence to Yuan Chang.

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Ren, F., Chang, Y. & He, M. A systematic analysis method for rock failure mechanism under stress unloading conditions: a case of rock burst. Environ Earth Sci 79, 370 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09111-2

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