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Characteristics and Precursor of Static and Dynamic Triggered Rockburst: Insight from Multifractal

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Abstract

To probe the difference between static-driven and dynamically triggered rockbursts, three types (static-driven rockburst, SDR; pulse-disturbance rockburst, PUDR; period-disturbance rockburst, PEDR) of true triaxial unloading rockburst tests were carried out on marble. The rockburst characteristics were compared and analyzed through five distinct aspects (stress–strain curve, energy consumption, failure mode, ejection features and acoustic emission (AE) multifractal characteristics). The results indicate that the rockburst stress values of the PUDR, the SDR and the PEDR decrease successively, which indicates that the PEDR and the PUDR are the most prone and the most difficult to occur, respectively. Additionally, the stress–strain curve (after yielding) data indicates that the PUDR, the SDR and the PEDR are characterized by a yield platform, strain hardening and strain softening, respectively. Moreover, the rockburst intensities of the PUDR, the SDR and the PEDR also decrease successively. Furthermore, the initial increase and the subsequent decrease of the AE multifractal parameter (∆f (α)) can be used as the precursor for the different types of rockbursts. However, the early warning time is related to the intensity of the rockburst, which implies that greater intensity values lead to a shorter early warning time. In general, the ∆f (α) parameter and the stress drop can be used for long-term monitoring and short-impending prediction of rockburst, respectively.

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Data Availability

All data used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.

Abbreviations

SDR:

Static-driven rockburst

PUDR:

Pulse-disturbance rockburst

PEDR:

Period-disturbance rockburst

AE:

Acoustic emission

MS:

Microseismic

PIV:

Particle image velocimetry

AF:

Average frequency

RA:

Rise time divide by amplitude

σ 10, σ 20, σ 30 :

Initial maximum, intermediate, minimal principal stress, respectively

σ 1, σ 2, σ 3 :

Maximum, intermediate, minimal principal stress, respectively

U, U e, U r :

Total, elastic and residual strain energy, respectively

U d 1, U d 2 :

Dissipation energy before and during rockburst

{T i}:

AE time series

{P i (n)}:

Subset of AE time series with length n

x q(n):

Probability distribution of each subset

τ (q):

Quality index

q :

Weight factor

f(α):

Fractal dimension of the subset

α :

Singularity index

ΔT 1, ΔT 2 :

Early warning time of Δf(α) and stress drop

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Acknowledgements

Financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC3080100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52104125), the open fund of State Key Laboratory for GeoMechanics and Deep Underground Engineering Beijing (Grant No. SKLGDUEK2128), the open fund of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (Grant No. KFJJ-2022-4), and University of Science and Technology, LiaoNing (Grant No. 2021YQ02), the fund of Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST (Grant No. 2021QNRC001), Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (Grant No. 2022-BS-280), and China Scholarship Council are gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering, University of Science and Technology LiaoNing, Anshan, 114051, China

    Fuqiang Ren

  2. State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, Beijing, 100083, China

    Fuqiang Ren, Chun Zhu & Manchao He

  3. School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China

    Chun Zhu & Manchao He

  4. James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK

    Junlong Shang

  5. State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China

    Chun Zhu & Guangliang Feng

  6. College of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China

    Jinwen Bai

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  1. Fuqiang Ren
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Appendix A: The Repeatability of the rockburst tests

Appendix A: The Repeatability of the rockburst tests

In order to ensure the reliability of the results, the repeatability tests were carried out. As shown in Fig. 

Fig. 16
figure 16

Stress–strain curves (in the σ1 direction) of the repeated tests

Full size image

16, the peak stresses of the three tests under the different loading paths are closed, which are 199.5–212.2 MPa (SDR), 226.8–233.9 MPa (PUDR), 163.9–174.2 MPa (PEDR), respectively. From the perspective of multifractal, as shown in Fig. 

Fig. 17
figure 17

The variation of AE multifractal parameters for the repeated tests

Full size image

17, the variation of multifractal parameters of three samples under each loading path is consistent during the rockburst stage.

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Ren, F., Zhu, C., He, M. et al. Characteristics and Precursor of Static and Dynamic Triggered Rockburst: Insight from Multifractal. Rock Mech Rock Eng 56, 1945–1967 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-03173-3

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