Abstract
Over the course of history, Marmara region in northwestern Turkey has been the site of numerous destructive earthquakes. Based on historical and instrumental earthquake records, the Marmara sea region is one of the most seismically active regions of the Eastern Mediterranean. The Marmara region is under the influence of the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone and the N–S extensional regime of Western Turkey. Therefore, the earthquake risk analysis is very important for the MARMARAY Project. The 76-km-long MARMARAY Project is an important project not only for Turkey but also for the world because it joins the two continents through railway. It will also serve for a comfortable and healthy way of environment, providing a contemporary solution for urban transportation. In this paper, using average wave velocities in layers, thickness, density and formation data based on the PS logs, and seven different boring logs located in different geological regions with depth range 43–60 m from the ground surface, ground response functions have been obtained. The influences of nonlinearity on the site response analysis have been summarized and evaluated with a numerical example. Based on the soil profiles transferred to nonlinear earthquake site response analyses of layered soil deposits (NERA) software, the rock and soil records of August 17, 1999 Kocaeli earthquake from a recording site in Beşiktaş town of Istanbul, response and design spectrums that may be considered crucial in case of an earthquake have been obtained. The acceleration record having a PGA value of 0.04287 g in east–west component has been used as an input motion to sublayers (i.e., sand, gravel, clay) with constant damping ratio of 5 %, using NERA program. The study also provides a critical overview of the site response analysis of the field under interest.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ambraseys NN, Finkel C (1987) The Saros–Marmara earthquake of 9 August 1912. J Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 15(1):189–212
Ansal A, Akinci A, Cultrera G, Erdik M, Pessina V, Tönük G, Ameri G (2009) Loss estimation in Istanbul based on deterministic earthquake scenarios of the Marmara Sea region (Turkey). Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 29(2009):699–709
Armijo R, Pondard N, Meyer B, Uçarkuş G, De Lepinay BM, Malavieille J, Dominguez S, Gustcher MA, Schmidt S, Beck C, Çağatay N, Cakir Z, Imren C, Eris K, Natalin B, Özalaybey S, Tolun L, Lefevre I, Seeber L, Gasperini L, Rangin C, Emre Ö, Sarıkavak K (2005) Submarine fault scarps in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart (North Anatolian Fault): implications for seismic hazard in Istanbul. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 6(6):1–29. doi:10.1029/2004GC000896
Arslan H, Siyahi B (2006) A comparative study on linear and nonlinear site response analysis. Environ Geol 50:1193–1200. doi:10.1007/s00254-006-0291-4
Bardet JP, Tobita T (2001) NERA: a computer program for nonlinear earthquake site response analyses of layered soil deposits. University of Southern California, Department of Civil Engineering, Los Angeles
Bardet JP, Ichii K, Lin CH (2000) EERA, a computer program for equivalent linear earthquake site response analysis of layered soils deposits. University of Southern California, Los Angeles
Boatwright J, Fletcher JB, Fumal TE (1991) A general inversion scheme for source, site and propagation characteristics using multiply recorded sets of moderate-sized earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 81:1754–1782
Borcherdt RD (1970) Effects of local geology on ground notion near San Francisco Bay. Bull Seismol Soc Am 60:29–81
EDCT (2007) Turkish specification for buildings to be built in seismic zones. Ministry of Public Works and Settlement Government of Republic Turkey English Translation BU Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Inst. http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/PublicatIons/Regulations_14_172.depmuh
Erdik M, Demircioğlu M, Sesetyan K, Durukal E (2005) Assessment of earthquake hazard for Bakirköy, Gemlik, Bandırma, Tekirdağ and Körfez. WB MEER project-A3 component, microzonation and hazard vulnerability studies for disaster mitigation in pilot municipalities. Boğaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
Erdik M, Cagnan Z, Zulfikar C, Sesetyan K, Demircioğlu MB, Durukal E, Kariptas C (2008) Development of rapid earthquake loss assessment methodologies for Euro-MED region. In: Proceedings of the 14th world conference on earthquake engineering, paper ID: S04-004
Field EH, Jacob KH (1995) A comparison and test of various site-response estimation techniques, including three that are not reference-site dependent. Bull Seismol Soc Am 85:1127–1143
Flerit F, Armijo R, King GCP, Meyer B, Barka A (2003) Slip partitioning in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart determined from GPS velocity vectors. Geophys J Int 154:1–7
Hardin BO, Drnevich VP (1972) Shear modulus and damping in soil: measurement and parameter effects. J Soil Mech Found Div 98:603–624
Hosseini SMMM, Pajouh MA (2012) Comparative study on the equivalent linear and the fully nonlinear site response analysis approaches. Arab J Geosci 5:587–597. doi:10.1007/s12517-010-0228-9
Hwang HHM, Lee CS (1991) Parametric study of site response analysis. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 10(6):282–290
IMM–OYO–Boğaziçi University (2009) Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Earthquake scenario of İstanbul city
Iwan WD (1967) On a class of models for the yielding behavior of continuous and composite systems. J Appl Mech ASME 34:612–617
Iwata T, Irikura K (1988) Source parameters of the 1983 Japan Sea earthquake sequence. J Phys Earth 36:155–184
Joyner WB, Chen ATF (1975) Calculation of nonlinear ground response in earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 65:1315–1336
Kramer SL (1996) Geotechnical earthquake engineering, 1st edn. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey
Lam I, Tsai CF, Martin GR (1978) Determination of site dependent spectra using nonlinear analysis. In: 2nd International conference on microzonation, San Francisco, CA
Le Pichon X, Sengor AMC, Taymaz T (1999) The Marmara fault and the future Istanbul earthquake. In: Karaca M, Ural DN (eds) ITU-IAHS international conference on the Kocaeli earthquake, 17 August 1999, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey, pp 41–54
Le Pichon X, Chamot-Rooke N, Rangin C, Şengör AMC (2003) The North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara. J Geophys Res 108(B4):2179. doi:10.1029/2002JB001862
Lermo J, Chavez-Garcia FJ (1993) Site effects evaluation using spectral ratios with only one station. Bull Seismol Soc Am 83:1574–1594
Masing G (1926) Eigenspannungen und Verfestigung beim Messing, proceedings of the second international congress of applied mechanics, pp 332–335
Mróz Z (1967) On the description of anisotropic workhardening. J Mech Phys Solids 15:163–175
Nakamura Y (1988) On the urgent earthquake detection and alarm system (UrEDAS). In: Proceedings of world. Conference in earthquake engineering
Özaydın K, Ansal A, Erdik M, Yıldırım M, Kılıç H, Adatepe Ş, Özener PT, Tonoroğlu M, Şeşetyan K, Demircioğlu M (2004) Earthquake master plan for Istanbul, Zeytinburnu Pilot Project, “report on geological and geotechnical evaluation for seismic microzonation and seismic microzonation for ground shaking” Yıldız Tecknical University, Fac. of Civil Eng. Geotechnical Department, Boğaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Inst. (in Turkish)
Parsons T (2004) Recalculated probability of M47 earthquakes beneath the Sea of Marmara Turkey. J Geophys Res 109:B05304. doi:10.1029/2003JB002667
Pondard N, Armijo R, King GCP, Meyer B, Flerit F (2007) Fault interactions in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart (North Anatolian Fault): earthquake clustering and propagating earthquake sequences. Geophys J Int 171:1185–1197
Reilinger RE, Ergintav S, Bürgmann R, McClusky S, Lenk O, Barka A, Gürkan O, Hearn L, Feigl KL, Çakmak R, Aktuğ B, Özener H, Töksoz MN (2000) Coseismic and postseismic fault slip for the 17 August 1999, M = 7.5, Izmit Turkey earthquake. Science 289:1519–1524
Rodriguez S, Querol X, Alastues A, Kallos G, Kakaliagou O (2001) Saharan dust contribution to PM10 and TSP levels in southern and eastern Spain. Atmos Environ 35:2433–2447
Seed HB, Idriss IM (1970) Soil moduli and damping factors for dynamic response analysis. Report EERC 70-10. University of California, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley
Seed HB, Whitman RV, Dezfulian H, Dobry R, Idriss IM (1972) Soil conditions and building damage in the 1967 Caracas earthquake. J Soil Mech Found Div ASCE 98:787–806
Spence R, So E, Ameri G, Akinci A, Cocco M, Cultrera G, Franceschina G, Pacor F, Pessina V, Lombardi AM, Zonno G, Carvalho A, Campos Costa A, Coelho E, Pitilakis K, Anastasiadis A, Kakderi K, Alexoudi M (2005) Technical report on the scenario earthquake definitions for three cities. Deliverable 83, project lessloss on risk mitigation for earthquakes and landslides, sub-project 10—earthquake disaster scenario predictions and loss modelling for urban areas. Sixth Framework Programme
TAISEI (2011) Marmaray project map. İstanbul-MARMARAY tube tunneling project (unpublished). Taisei Corporation
Toksöz MN, Reilinger RE, Doll CG, Barka AA, Yalçın N (1999) Izmit (Turkey) earthquake of 17 August 1999: first report. Seismol Res Lett 70(6):669–679
Usta E (2004) Istanbul Metro Yenikapi–Unkapani engineering geology, Master Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
Yamazaki F, Ansary MA (1997) Horizontal-to-vertical spectrum ratio of earthquake ground motion for site characterization. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 26: 671–689. JSSMFE: 14–31
Yıldırım M (1997) Engineering Geological evaluation of solid waste landfill sites: two examples from Istanbul, Turkey. Bull Eng Geol 55:151–158
Yıldırım M, Savaşkan E (2002) İstanbul Tersiyer Çökellerinin Stratigrafisi ve Mühendislik Özellikleri, vol 18. Uluslararası Mühendislik Jeolojisi Türk Milli Komitesi Bülteni, İstanbul (in Turkish), pp 48–62
Yılmaz Y (2007) Morphotectonic development of the southern Black Sea Region and the Bosphorus Channel. In: Yanko-Hombach V, Gilbert A, Panin N, Dolukhanov P (eds) The black sea flood question: changes in coastline, climate, and human settlement. NATO science series IV—earth and environmental sciences. Kluwer Academic Press, Springer, Dordrecht, pp 537–569
Yılmaz Y, Gökaşan G, Erbay AY (2010) Morphotectonic development of the Marmara Region. Tectonophysics 488:51–70
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank TAISEI Corporation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Beyhan, G., Keskinsezer, A. & Öztürk, S. Soil properties and applications review with NERA (nonlinear earthquake site response analyses) in İstanbul-MARMARAY Project between Kazliçeşme to Sirkeci. Environ Earth Sci 75, 93 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4783-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4783-y