Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

An investigation on the evaluation of dynamic soil characteristics of the Elazig City through the 1-D equivalent linear site-response analysis

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Consideration of the effects of the site response in the design of civil structures systems is of important to mitigate the damages to a certain extent on structures and the environment. Hence, it is relatively crucial to reliably attain the dynamic soil parameters of an earthquake-prone city/state. In the current study, a comprehensive investigation on the dynamic soil properties of the city of Elazig with very close proximity to the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) having a high potential of producing destructive earthquakes is carried out. Performing probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), the moment magnitude of the city is determined as Mw = 7.7 according to 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. Bedrock-level acceleration spectra is developed utilizing different attenuation relationships for the city, and 1-D equivalent linear site response analysis is conducted on an example soil profile of the city through the SHAKE2000 software considering 16 earthquake motions recorded at the bedrock level. Local surface acceleration spectra obtained from the analysis are then compared to the design spectra of the Turkish Seismic Code for Buildings (TSCB) and Eurocode-8 (EC8) in an attempt to identify the difference between the code spectra and local surface spectra. In addition, in situ geotechnical tests of standard penetration and seismic refraction are conducted at different locations of the study area. Incorporating the results from the field tests into the site response analysis, the soil amplification factor, predominant soil period, peak ground acceleration and spectral maps for the period of T = 0.2 and T = 1.0 s are obtained for the study area. The outcomes from the analysis reveals that structures with higher vibration period than T = 1.0 s are subjected to lower spectral acceleration (Sa), whereas higher Sa values can be used for those with a vibration period lower than T = 0.2 s.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abrahamson NA, Shedlock KM (1997) Overv Seismol Res Lett 68:9–23. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.1.9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abrahamson NA, Silva WJ, Kamai R (2013) Update of the AS08 ground-motion prediction equations based on the NGAWest2 data set. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), University of California, California, Berkeley

  • Akın M (2009) Seismic microzonation of Erbaa (Tokat-Turkey) located along eastern segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). Middle East Technical University

  • Akin MK, Topal T, Kramer SL (2013) A newly developed seismic microzonation model of Erbaa (Tokat, Turkey) located on seismically active eastern segment of the north Anatolian fault zone (NAFZ). Nat Hazards 65:1411–1442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0420-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akkar S, Bommer JJ (2007) Empirical prediction equations for peak ground velocity derived from strong-motion records from Europe and the Middle East. Bull Seismol Soc Am 97:511–530. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120060141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akkar S, Gulkan P (2002) Tasarım spektrumlarının performansa dayalı deprem mühendisliği (pddm) ve yakınmesafe depremler yönünden incelenmesi. Paper presented at the Uluslararası Yapı ve Deprem Mühendisliği Sempozyumu (ECAS2002), Ankara, Turkey

  • Algermissen ST, Perkins DM (1976) A probabilistic estimate of maximum acceleration in rock in the contiguous. United States Geological Survey, US

  • Allen CR (1969) Active faulting in northern Turkey. California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambraseys NN, Bommer JJ (1991) The attenuation of ground accelerations in Europe. Earthq Eng Struct Dynam 20:1179–1202. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290201207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ansa A, Biro Y, Erken A, Gülerce Ü (2004) Seismic microzonation: a case study. In: Ansal A (ed) Recent advances in earthquake geotechnical engineering and microzonation. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2528-9_9

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ansal A et al. (2005) Seismic Microzonation for urban planning and vulnerability assessment. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium of Earthquake Engineering (ISEE2005), Awaji Island, Kobe, Japonya

  • Arpat E (1977) Karakaya barajı çok büyük depremlerle sınanacaktır (The Karakaya dam will be tested by very big earthquakes) Yeryuvarı ve Insan 2:59–62

  • Arpat E, Şaroğlu F (1972) Doğu Anadolu Fayı ile İlgili Bazı Gözlemler ve Düşünceler MTA Enst Dergisi 78:44–50

  • Barka AA, Kadinsky-Cade K (1988) Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity. Tectonics 7:663–684. https://doi.org/10.1029/TC007i003p00663

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BDTIM, 2015, Regional Earthquake-Tsunami Monitoring Center (2015) Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute

  • Boore DM, Stewart JP, Seyhan E, Atkinson GM (2013) NGA-West2 equations for predicting response spectral accelerations for shallow crustal earthquakes. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), University of California, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Borcherdt RD (1994) Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design (methodology and justification). Earthquake Spectra 10:617–653. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell KW (1989) The dependence of peak horizontal acceleration on magnitude, distance, and site effects for small-magnitude earthquakes in California and eastern North America. Bull Seismol Soc Am 79:1311–1346

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell KW, Bozorgnia Y (2013) NGA-West2 Campbell-Bozorgnia Ground Motion Model for the Horizontal Components of PGA, PGV, and 5%-Damped Elastic Pseudo-Acceleration Response Spectra for Periods Ranging from 0.01 to 10 s. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), University of California, Berkeley

  • Caruso S, Ferraro, A, Grasso, S, Massimino, MR (2016) Site Response analysis in eastern Sicily based on direct and indirect Vs measurements - 1st IMEKO TC4 International Workshop on Metrology for Geotechnics, MetroGeotechnics

  • Castelli F, Cavallaro A, Grasso S, (2016a), SDMT Soil testing for the local site response analysis. Proceedings of the 1st IMEKO TC4 International Workshop on Metrology for Geotechnics, Benevento, 17–18 March 2016, pp. 143–148. (ISBN: 978–92–990075-0-1)

  • Castelli F, Cavallaro A, Grasso S, Lentini V (2016b) Seismic microzoning from synthetic ground motion earthquake scenarios parameters: the case study of the city of Catania (Italy). Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 88:307–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.07.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castelli F, Cavallaro A, Ferraro A, Grasso S (2016c). In situ and laboratory tests for site response analysis in the ancient city of Noto (Italy) - 1st IMEKO TC4 International Workshop on Metrology for Geotechnics, MetroGeotechnics

  • Castelli F, Cavallaro A, Ferraro A, Grasso S, Lentini V, Massimino MR (2018a) Static and dynamic properties of soils in Catania (Italy). Ann Geophys 61(2):221. https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-7706

    Google Scholar 

  • Castelli F, Cavallaro A, Ferraro A, Grasso S, Lentini V, Massimino MR (2018b) Dynamic characterisation of a test site in Messina (Italy). Ann Geophys 61(2):222

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavallaro A, Ferraro A, Grasso S, Maugeri M (2008) Site Response analysis of the Monte Po Hill in the city of Catania. Proceedings of the 2008 Seismic Engineering International Conference Commemorating the 1908 Messina and Reggio Calabria Earthquake MERCEA'08, Reggio Calabria and Messina, 8–11 July 2008, pp. 240–251. (ISBN: 978–0–7354-0542-4/08; EISSN: 15517616; ISSN: 0094-243X), https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2963841. AIP Conference Proceedings, Volume 1020, Issue PART 1, 2008, pp. 583–594. (ISSN: 0094243X)

  • Cavallaro A, Cessari L, Gigliarelli E, (2013) Site Characterization by in situ and laboratory tests for the structural & architectural restoration of Saint Nicholas Church, Nicosia, Cyprus. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites, Napoli, 30–31 May 2013, pp. 241–247. (ISBN: 978–1–138-00055-1)

  • Cavallaro A, Grasso S, Ferraro A, (2016a) Study on seismic response analysis in "Vincenzo Bellini" Garden Area by Seismic Dilatometer Marchetti Tests. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterization, ISC'5, Queensland, 5–9 September 2016. Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterization 5, Vol. 2, pp. 1309–1314. (ISBN: 978–0–9946261-2-7)

  • Cavallaro A, Grasso S, Ferraro A (2016b) A geotechnical engineering study for the safeguard, restoration and strengthening of historical heritage. Proced Eng 158:134–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavallaro A, Capilleri P, Grasso S (2018) Site characterization by in situ and laboratory tests for liquefaction potential evaluation during Emilia Romagna earthquake. Geosciences 8(7):242. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8070242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cetin KO et al (2002) Liquefaction-induced ground deformations at hotel Sapanca during Kocaeli (Izmit), Turkey earthquake. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 22:1083–1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00134-3

  • Cetin H, Güneyli H, Mayer L (2003) Paleoseismology of the Palu–Lake Hazar segment of the east Anatolian fault zone, Turkey. Tectonophysics 374:163–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2003.08.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cornell CA (1968) Engineering seismic risk analysis. Bull Seismol Soc Am 58:1583–1606

    Google Scholar 

  • Darendeli M (2001) Development of a new family of normalized modulus reduction and material damping curves. University of Texas at Austin

  • Das S, Gupta ID, Gupta VK (2006) A probabilistic seismic Hazard analysis of Northeast India. Earthquake Spectra 22:1–27. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2163914

  • Deniz A (2006) Estimation of earthquake insurance premium rates for Turkey. Middle East Technical University

  • Deniz A, Yucemen MS (2010) Magnitude conversion problem for the Turkish earthquake data. Nat Hazards 55:333–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-010-9531-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dikmen Ü (2009) Statistical correlations of shear wave velocity and penetration resistance for soils. J Geophys Eng 6:61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dikmen U, Mirzaoglu M (2005) The seismic microzonation map of Yenisehir-Bursa, NW of Turkey by means of ambient noise measurements. J Balkan Geophys Soc 8:53–62

    Google Scholar 

  • EC8 (2004) EN 1998–1 (2004): Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance – Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium

  • El-Hady S, Fergany EA-A, Othman A, ElKareem Abdrabou Mohamed G (2012) Seismic microzonation of Marsa Alam, Egypt using inversion HVSR of microtremor observations. J Seismol 16:55–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-011-9249-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eskişar T, Kuruoğlu M, Altun S, Özyalın Ş, Recep Yılmaz H (2014) Site response of deep alluvial deposits in the northern coast of İzmir Bay (Turkey) and a microzonation study based on geotechnical aspects. Eng Geol 172:95–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.01.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fatahi B, Far H, Samali B (2014) Soil-structure interaction vs site effect for seismic design of tall buildings on soft soil. Geomech Eng 6:293–320. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.6.3.293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro A, Grasso S, Massimino MR, Maugeri M (2015) Influence of geotechnical parameters and numerical modelling on local seismic response analysis . Geotechnical Engineering for Infrastructure and Development - Proceedings of the XVI European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, ECSMGE

  • Ferraro A, Grasso S, Maugeri M, Totani F (2016) Seismic response analysis in the southern part of the historic Centre of the City of L'Aquila (Italy). Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 88:256–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.06.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finn WDL (1995) Ventura CE Challenging issues in local microzonation. In: 5th International Conference on Seismic Zonation, Nice, France

  • Firat S, Arman H, Kutanis M (2009) Assessment of liquefaction susceptibility of Adapazari City after 17th august, 1999 Marmara earthquake. Sci Res Essay 4:1012–1023

    Google Scholar 

  • Firat S, Isik NS, Arman H, Demir M, Vural I (2016) Investigation of the soil amplification factor in the Adapazari region. Bull Eng Geol Environ 75:141–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0731-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garini E, Gazetas G, Ziotopoulou K (2018) Inelastic soil amplification in three sites during the Tokachi-oki MJMA 8.0 earthquake. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 110:300–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.01.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gautam D, Forte G, Rodrigues H (2016) Site effects and associated structural damage analysis in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Earthq Struct 10:1013–1032. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2016.10.5.1013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grasso S, Maugeri M (2009) The seismic microzonation of the city of Catania (Italy) for the maximum expected scenario earthquake of January 11, 1693. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 29:953–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.11.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gülkan P, Kocyigit A, Yucemen S, Doyuran V, Basoz N (1993) Earthquake zoning map of Turkey based on most recent data. METU Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Ankara, Turkey

  • Gutenberg B, Richter CF (1942) Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy and acceleration*. Bull Seismol Soc Am 32:163–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutenberg B, Richter CF (1944) Frequency of earthquakes in California. Bull Seismol Soc Am 34:185–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutenberg B, Richter C (1956) Magnitude and energy of earthquakes. Ann Geophys 9:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanumantharao C, Ramana GV (2008) Dynamic soil properties for microzonation of Delhi, India. J Earth Syst Sci 117:719–730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-008-0066-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardin BO, Drnevich VP (1972) Shear modulus and damping in soil: measurement and parameter effects. J Soil Mech Found Div (ASCE) 98:603–624

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasancebi N, Ulusay R (2006) Evaluation of site amplification and site period using different methods for an earthquake-prone settlement in Western Turkey. Eng Geol 87:85–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.05.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hempton MR (1982) The north Anatolian fault and complexities of continental escape. J Struct Geol 4:502–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(82)90041-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hempton MR, Dewey JF (1981) Structure and tectonics of the Lake Hazar pull-apart basin, SE Turkey transactions. Am Geophys Union, EOS 62:1033

    Google Scholar 

  • Hempton MR, Dewey JF, Şaroğlu F (1981) The east Anatolian transform fault: along strike variations in geometry and behavior transactions. Am Geophys Union, EOS 62:393

    Google Scholar 

  • Herece E, Akay E (1992) The East Anatolian fault between Karliova and Celikhan. Paper presented at the Petroleum Congress of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey

  • Iyisan R (1996) Correlations between shear wave velocity and penetration experiments in soils. IMO (Technical Periodical) 7:1187–1199

    Google Scholar 

  • Joyner WB, Boore DM (1981) Peak horizontal acceleration and velocity from strong-motion records including records from the 1979 imperial valley, California, earthquake. Bull Seismol Soc Am 71:2011–2038

    Google Scholar 

  • Kagan YY (2002) Aftershock zone scaling. Bull Seismol Soc Am 92:641–655. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalkan E, Gülkan P, Yilmaz N, Çelebi M (2009) Reassessment of probabilistic seismic Hazard in the Marmara region. Bull Seismol Soc Am 99:2127–2146. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kienzle A, Hannich D, Wirth W, Ehret D, Rohn J, Ciugudean V, Czurda K (2006) A GIS-based study of earthquake hazard as a tool for the microzonation of Bucharest. Eng Geol 87:13–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.05.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kijko A, Graham G (1998) Parametric-historic procedure for probabilistic seismic Hazard analysis part I: estimation of maximum regional magnitude mmax. Pure Appl Geophys 152:413–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s000240050161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kılıç H, Özener PT, Ansal A, Yıldırım M, Özaydın K, Adatepe Ş (2006) Microzonation of Zeytinburnu region with respect to soil amplification: a case study. Eng Geol 86:238–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.04.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolat C, Ulusay R, Suzen ML (2012) Development of geotechnical microzonation model for Yenisehir (Bursa, Turkey) located at a seismically active region. Eng Geol 127:36–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.12.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer S (1996) Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer S (2009) CEE 526 Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering lecture notes. University of Washington, Seattle, WA-USA

  • Mahmood K, Rehman Z-u, Farooq K, Memon SA (2016) One dimensional equivalent linear ground response analysis — a case study of collapsed Margalla tower in Islamabad during 2005 Muzaffarabad earthquake. J Appl Geophys 130:110–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2016.04.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Midorikawa S (1987) Prediction of isoseismal map in the Kanto plain due to hypothetical earthquake. J Structural Engineering (JSCE) 33B:43–48

  • Muehlberger WR, Gordon MB (1987) Observations on the complexity of the East Anatolian Fault, Turkey. J Struct Geol 9:899–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(87)90091-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naeim F, Alimoradi A, Pezeshk S (2004) Selection and scaling of ground motion time histories for structural design using genetic algorithms. Earthquake Spectra 20:413–426. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1719028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NEHRP-BSSC (2003) NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program) recommended provisions for Nnew buildings and other ttructures (FEMA 450). Building Seismic Safety Council, National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, DC

  • NTC (2008) Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni (Italian Technical Regulation for Constructions), D.M. Ministero Infrastrutture e Trasporti 14 gennaio Roma (in Italian)

  • Oguz O, Sasatani T (2004) A site effect study of the Adapazari basin, Turkey, from strong- and weak-motion data. J Seismol 8:559–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-004-3328-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ordonez G (2012) Shake2000 : a computer program for the 1-D analysis of geotechnical earthquake engineering problems. GeoMotions, LLC, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozbey C, Sari A, Manuel L, Erdik M, Fahjan Y (2004) An empirical attenuation relationship for northwestern Turkey ground motion using a random effects approach. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 24:115–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2003.10.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palutoglu M (2014) Elazığ kent merkezinin tektoniği depremselliği ve mikrobölgeleme (In Turkish). Firat University

  • Perinçek D, Günay Y, Kozlu H (1987) Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesindeki yanal atımlı faylar ile ilgili yeni gözlemler (in Turkish). Paper presented at the Türkiye 7. Petrol Kongresi

  • Richter CF (1958) Elementary Seismology. W. H. Freeman, London

  • Robertson PK, Woeller DJ, Finn WDL (1992) Seismic cone penetration test for evaluating liquefaction potential under cyclic loading. Can Geotech J 29:686–695. https://doi.org/10.1139/t92-075

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saroglu F, Emre O, Kuscu I (1992) The east Anatolian fault zone of Turkey. Ann Tecton 7:99–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Savage MK, Rupp SH (2000) Foreshock probabilities in New Zealand. N Z J Geol Geophys 43:461–469. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2000.9514902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scawthorn C, Chen WF (2002) Earthquake Engineering Handbook. CRC Press

  • Seed H, Idriss I (1981) Evaluation of liquefaction potential sand deposits based on observation of performance in previous earthquakes. Paper presented at the ASCE National Convention (MO)

  • Seed HB, Wong RT, Idriss IM, Tokimatsu K (1986) Moduli and damping factors for dynamic analyses of cohesionless soils. J Geotech Eng 112:1016–1032. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1986)112:11(1016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selçuk L, Çiftçi Y (2007) Microzonation of the Plio-quaternary soils: a study of the liquefaction risk potential in the Lake Van Basin, Turkey. Bull Eng Geol Environ 66:161–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-006-0052-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Şengör AMC, Canitez N (1982) The North Anatolian fault. In: Berckhemer H, Hsul K (eds) Alpine and Mediterranean Geodynamics, American Geophysical Union, Geodynamics Series 7: 205–216

  • Şengör AMC, Görür N, Şaroğlu F (1985) Strike-Slip Faulting and Related Basin Formation in Zones of Tectonic Escape: Turkey as a Case Study1. In: Biddle KT, Christie-Blick N (eds) Strike-Slip Deformation, Basin Formation, and Sedimentation. SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology

  • Shafiee A, Kamalian M, Jafari MK, Hamzehloo H (2011) Ground motion studies for microzonation in Iran. Nat Hazards 59:481–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9772-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiuly A, Narayan JP (2012) Deterministic seismic microzonation of Kolkata city. Nat Hazards 60:223–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-0004-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sitharam TG, Anbazhagan P (2007) Seismic hazard analysis for the Bangalore region. Nat Hazards 40:261–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-0012-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonmezer YB, Akbas SO, Isik NS (2015) Assessment of the peak acceleratıon, amplıfıcatıon ratıo and fundamental perıod propertıes for the Kırıkkale provınce settlement area. J Fac Eng Archit Gazi Univ 30:711–721

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonmezer B, Bas S, Isik S, Akbas O (2018a) Linear and nonlinear site response analyses to determine dynamic soil properties of Kirikkale. Geomech Eng 16 (4):435–448. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.16.4.435

  • Sonmezer YB, Kalkan I, Bas S, Akbas SO (2018b) Effects of the use of the surface spectrum of a specific region on seismic performances of R/C structures. Nat Hazards 93:1203–1229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3347-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun J, Golesorkhi R, Seed H (1988) Dynamic moduli and damping ratios for cohesive soils. Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley

  • Tavakoli H, Amiri M, Abdollahzadeh G, Janalizade A (2016) Site effect microzonation of Babol, Iran. Geomech Eng 11:821–845. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2016.11.6.821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Topal T, Doyuran V, Karahanoğlu N, Toprak V, Süzen ML, Yeşilnacar E (2003) Microzonation for earthquake hazards: Yenişehir settlement, Bursa, Turkey. Eng Geol 70:93–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(03)00085-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • TSCB (2018) Turkish Earthquake Code for Buildings. Disaster and Emergency Management Directorate (AFAD), Ankara, Turkey

  • Turan M, Aksoy E, Bingöl FA (1995) Doğu Torosların jeodinamik evriminin Elazig civanndaki özellikleri FÜ Fen ve Müh Bil Derg 7:177–199

  • Turkmen I, Inceoz M, Aksoy E, Kaya M (2001) New findings on Eocene stratigraphy and paleogeography of Elazig area Bulletin of Earth Sciences Application and Research Centre of Hacettepe University 24:81–95

  • Ulusay R, Tuncay E, Sonmez H, Gokceoglu C (2004) An attenuation relationship based on Turkish strong motion data and iso-acceleration map of Turkey. Eng Geol 74:265–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.04.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unutmaz B, Siyahi B, Fahjan Y, Akbaş B (2011) Derin alüvyon dolgunun doğrusal olmayan davranışının eşdeğer lineer ve doğrusal olmayan yöntemlerle karşılaştırılması. Paper presented at the 1. Türkiye Deprem Mühendisliği ve Sismoloji Konferansı, Ankara

  • Utsu T, Ogata Y, Matsu'ura SR (1995) The centenary of the Omoriformula for a decay law of aftershock activity. J Phys Earth 43:1–33. https://doi.org/10.4294/jpe1952.43.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dyck JFM (1985) Statistical analysis of earthquake catalogs. Massachusetts Institute of Technology

  • Vucetic M, Dobry R (1988) Degradation of marine clays under cyclic loading. J Geotech Eng 114:133–149. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1988)114:2(133)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vucetic M, Dobry R (1991) Effect of soil plasticity on cyclic respons. J Geotech Eng 117. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:1(89)

  • Wells DL, Coppersmith KJ (1994) New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement. Bull Seismol Soc Am 84:974–1002

    Google Scholar 

  • Westaway R (1994) Present-day kinematics of the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth 99:12071–12090. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB00335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yucemen MS (2011) Olasılıksal sismik tehlike analizi: genel bakış ve yeni nesil deprem tehlike haritaları (in Turkish). Paper presented at the 7. Ulusal Deprem Mühendisliği Konferansı, Istanbul, Turkey

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors highly appreciate the engineering firms of AKARE Planlama Müş. Mim. Müh. İnş., Ltd. Şti. and Elazığ Jeoteknik for their help conducting field tests in the study area.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kirikkale University, 71450, Kirikkale, Turkey

    Y. Bulent Sonmezer

  2. 9th Regional Directorate, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, 23200, Elazig, Turkey

    Murat Celiker

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bartin University, 74100, Bartin, Turkey

    Selcuk Bas

Authors
  1. Y. Bulent Sonmezer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Murat Celiker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Selcuk Bas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Selcuk Bas.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sonmezer, Y.B., Celiker, M. & Bas, S. An investigation on the evaluation of dynamic soil characteristics of the Elazig City through the 1-D equivalent linear site-response analysis. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78, 4689–4712 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-01450-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-01450-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation