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Biomass-Derived Carbohydrates to 5-Ethoxymethylfurfural

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Abstract

The synthesis of liquid fuel and fuel additives from abundant biomass substrates has acquired significant attention in recently. Among these value-added chemicals, 5-Ethoxymethylfurfural (5-EMF) is considered one of the most desirable gasoline alternatives because of its high stability, environmental friendliness, and high energy density of 8.7 kWhL−1. This 5-EMF could be directly produced from different biomass or biomass-derived substrates via etherification reactions in ethanol medium by straightforward synthetic methods using homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts. In the current review, the role of different starting materials, homogeneous catalysts, and heterogeneous catalysts in the synthesis of 5-EMF is extensively discussed. Furthermore, the effect of different solvent system viz; single-phase, biphasic solvents, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents (DES), on 5-EMF synthesis has also been discussed. The advantages and challenges of the chemocatalytic synthesis of EMF in different reaction systems are also discussed. We also tried to focus on the most economical way to produce EMF from HMF, and the mechanistic studies are summarized here along with catalyst deactivation data.

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Fig. 1
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Scheme 1
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Enquiries about data availability should be directed to the authors.

Abbreviations

EMF:

5-Ethoxymethylfurfural

HMF:

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

BMF:

5-Bromomethylfurfural

CMF:

5-Chloromethylfurfural

FDCA:

2, 5-Furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA)

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

EG:

Ethyl glucoside

EL:

Ethyl levulinate

EtOH:

Ethanol

GO:

Graphene oxide

GVL:

γ-Valerolactone

HPA:

Heteropoly acids

STA:

Silicotungstic acid

TPA:

Tungstophosphoric acid

ILs:

Ionic liquids

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the CSIR-IICT for their support in encouraging the research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Energy & Environmental Engineering Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India

    G. Raveendra, Rajender Boddula & Vijayanand Perupogu

  2. Process Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Clean Energy Technologies Research Institute, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada

    Gullapelli Sadanandam

  3. Laboratory of Chemical Technologies, Ghent University, 9052, Zwaijnarde, Belgium

    Harisekhar Mitta

  4. Catalysis & Fine Chemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India

    N. Lingaiah

  5. Advanced Energy Materials, LLC, Louisville, KY, 40208, USA

    Hari Prasad Reddy Kannapu

  6. Department of Chemistry, National Defence Academy, Pune, Maharashtra, 411023, India

    Siva Nageswara Rao Pasupuleti

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Raveendra, G., Sadanandam, G., Mitta, H. et al. Biomass-Derived Carbohydrates to 5-Ethoxymethylfurfural. Waste Biomass Valor (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-024-02451-1

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