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Effects of Bioactive Compound, Ginsenoside Rb1 on Burn Wounds Healing in Diabetic Rats: Influencing M1 to M2 Phenotypic Trans

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Abstract

Objective

Panax notoginseng (P.notoginseng) has been used traditionally to treat traumatic injuries. Ginsenoside Rb1, a key active ingredient derived from P.notoginseng, has received a lot of interest due to its anti-inflammatory, bacteriostatic, and growth-promoting effects on cells. The therapeutic benefits of ginsenoside Rb1 on burn wounds in STZ-induced diabetic rats, as well as the probable underlying processes, were investigated in this work.

Materials and Methods

The skin wound healing effect of ginsenoside Rb1 (0.25 and 0.5% w/w) in a rat model of burn wounds in diabetic rats was observed at various time points after treatment. On days 5 and 19 following treatment, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis for Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Cluster of Differentiation 68 (CD68) and Cluster of Differentiation 163 (CD163) of biological tissues were done. The macroscopic observation was used to track the healing of skin wounds at various periods. The protein expression of CD68 and CD163, which serve as M1 and M2 macrophage markers, was examined in detail. More notably, the ability of ginsenoside Rb1 to alter inflammatory markers (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory markers (IL-10), influence on hydroxyproline and hexosamine was observed.

Results

As indicated by increased CD163 (M2) and reduced CD68 (M1) on day 5, ginsenoside Rb1 effectively flips the M1 to M2 phenotypic transition at the right time to improve burn wound healing in diabetic rats. Ginsenoside Rb1 (0.5 % w/w) treatment showed higher tensile strength, anti-inflammatory properties, antioxidant properties, increased tissue hexosamine and hydroxyproline levels. Skin tissue morphology was significantly improved following 19  days of ginsenoside Rb1 (0.5% w/w) therapy, according to hematoxylin-eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining. Furthermore, Ginsenoside Rb1 (0.5% w/w) favoured the inflammatory phase of burn wound healing (IL-6), assisted the proliferation process (IL-10) and had considerably lower expression of IL-1β and TNF-α on the later stage of wound healing.

Conclusion

Overall, the data showed that ginsenoside Rb1 (0.5 % w/w) accelerates burn wound healing in diabetic rats through a mechanism that may be linked to the M1 to M2 phenotypic shift.

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Data Availability

None.

Abbreviations

SSD :

Silver sulfadiazine

STZ :

Streptozotocin

LPO :

Lipid peroxidation

GSH :

Glutathione

SOD :

Superoxide dismutase

CAT :

Catalase

VEGF :

Vascular endothelial growth factor

PPAR :

Proliferator-activated receptor

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding support for this review through the Large Research Group Project under Grant Number “RGP 2/89/43”.

Funding

This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University; Grant number “RGP 2/89/43”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir, Saudi Arabia

    Krishnaraju Venkatesan, Yahia Alghazwani, Yahya I. Asiri, Rajalakshimi Vasudevan & Noohu Abdulla Khan

  2. Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia

    Durgaramani Sivadasan

  3. Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

    Kousalya Prabahar

  4. Vaasudhara College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Jamal Moideen Muthu Mohamed

  5. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir, Saudi Arabia

    Kumar Venkatesan

  6. College of Nursing, Mahalah Branch for Girls, King Khalid University, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia

    Premalatha Paulsamy

  7. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India

    Kalpana Krishnaraju

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  1. Krishnaraju Venkatesan
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Contributions

KV, YA, and YIA and designed research, conducted experiments, and KP, JMMM, and DS analyzed data and wrote the manuscript, RV, NAK, KV, PP, and KK supervision of the work. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Krishnaraju Venkatesan.

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Author declare that there is no potential conflict of interest in this paper.

Ethical Approval

The Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of Erode College of Pharmacy, Erode, Tamilnadu, India (565/02/CA/18/CPCSEA) approved all experimental procedures. Experiments were carried out as per the guidelines for laboratory animal care and use.

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Venkatesan, K., Alghazwani, Y., Sivadasan, D. et al. Effects of Bioactive Compound, Ginsenoside Rb1 on Burn Wounds Healing in Diabetic Rats: Influencing M1 to M2 Phenotypic Trans. Waste Biomass Valor 15, 153–162 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-023-02147-y

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