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An Eco-friendly Acid–Base Indicator Extracted from Carissa macrocarpa Fruit

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Abstract

In this research, a new eco-friendly natural color indicator was extracted from Carissa macrocarpa fruit by using a microwave-assisted extraction. The pH of the hydroalcoholic extract was varied from 1.0 to 10.0. It was noticed that extract color changed from salmon to pink to purple to fade purple to green and finally turned to olive green. pH ranges, color indicator change, and pKa values were determined. The Carissa macrocarpa color indicator was then standardized with the standard indicators available in all pH ranges. It was found that the Carissa macrocarpa extract can be used as a color indicator for acid–base solutions titration. To evaluate the effects of the ethanol quantity (%), the fruit-to-solvent ratio (g/100 mL), the microwave irradiation power (W), and the extraction time (min) on the extract anthocyanins concentration and to optimize the extraction process, a definitive screening design was used. The fruit juice-to-solvent ratio (g/100 mL) and the microwave irradiation power (W) had the most significant effect on the extract anthocyanins concentration with p-values equal to 0.019 and 0.045 (< 0.05), respectively. Optimized value of anthocyanins concentration was equal to 43.501 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/100 mL extract.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Textile Engineering Laboratory, University of Monastir, 5070, Ksar-Hellal, Tunisia

    Imene Ghezal & Faouzi Sakli

  2. National Engineering School of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia

    Imene Ghezal

  3. Environmental Chemistry & Clean Processes Laboratory (LR21ES04), University of Monastir, Avenue of the Environment, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia

    Ibtissem Moussa

  4. Higher Institute of Technological Studies of Ksar-Hellal, 5070, Ksar-Hellal, Tunisia

    Ibtissem Moussa & Faouzi Sakli

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  1. Imene Ghezal
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  2. Ibtissem Moussa
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Correspondence to Imene Ghezal.

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Ghezal, I., Moussa, I. & Sakli, F. An Eco-friendly Acid–Base Indicator Extracted from Carissa macrocarpa Fruit. Waste Biomass Valor 13, 4297–4305 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-022-01782-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-022-01782-1

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