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Wastewater to Ecological Dyeing Process and Bioactive Compounds Resources: Case Study of Dittrichia graveolens Hydrodistillation Aqueous Residue

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Abstract

The release of aqueous residues generated by the extraction process of essential oils presents a real risk of environmental pollution. This work aims to reduce this risk and produce value-added materials. The aqueous residue of Dittrichia graveolens (D. graveolens) hydrodistillation has been reused in two valorization ways: 1/in the ecological dyeing. 2/in biological field. First, a phytochemical study of the aqueous residue was carried out by determining the content of polyphenols (237 mg EqAG g−1) and flavonoids (91 mg EqC g−1). Second, HPLC analysis allowed the identification and evaluation of catechin (5.92 mg g−1 of extract) and quercetin (4 mg g−1 of extract) as two of the coloring molecules present in this aqueous residue. Third, the eco-dyeing process with the aqueous residue was performed on the polyamide fabric, the process was optimized by the surface response methodology using Minitab software. Thus, the optimum dyeing conditions were evaluated at pH, temperature and duration of 3, 80 °C and 90 min, respectively, giving a maximum value of K/S color yield (equal to 7.5). Fourth, the dyeing process was evaluated by measuring fastness tests for the optimal conditions. Finally, the aqueous residue was assessed for its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic potential from where it is proven that it could be a source of the bioactive compounds.

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Availability of Data and Materials

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

HPLC:

High performance liquid chromatography

D. graveolens :

Dittrichia graveolens

UV–vis:

Ultraviolet–visible

IR:

Infrared

RSM:

Response surface methodology

CCD:

Central composite design

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl

ORAC:

Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity

IC:

Inhibitory Concentration

AAPH:

2,2-Azobis-(2-aminopropane)-dihydrochloride

PBS:

Phosphate buffered saline

AUC:

Area under the curve

CFU:

Colony forming unit

MTT:

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

mg Eq GA g− 1 extract:

Milligram of equivalents of gallic acid per gram of extract

mg Eq C g− 1 extract:

Milligram of equivalents of catechin per gram of extract

T:

Temperature

t:

Duration

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research for its financial support. The authors are grateful for: Mr. Ridha Mokni (botanist from the faculty of pharmacy of Monastir, Tunisia) for providing the plant, Dr. Nizar Meksi (textile engineering teacher from national school of engineers of Monastir) for having revised the "textile" part of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Unit Applied Chemistry and Environment UR13ES63, Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia

    Nawres Gharred, Noureddine Baaka, Hatem Dhaouadi & Sonia Dridi-Dhaouadi

  2. IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France

    Nadir Bettache, Alain Morere & Chantal Menut

  3. Laboratory of Chemical, Galenic and Pharmacological Development of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia

    Assia Hamdi

  4. Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Environmental Pollutants and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia

    Amal Dbeibia

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  1. Nawres Gharred
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Contributions

Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—Original Draft: NG; Investigation NB, NB, AH and AD; Resources: HD; Supervision, Resources: AM and CM; Supervision, Project administration: SD-D.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sonia Dridi-Dhaouadi.

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The animals were treated in accordance with guidelines established by the European Union for the Use and Care of animals (CEC Council 86/609).

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Gharred, N., Baaka, N., Bettache, N. et al. Wastewater to Ecological Dyeing Process and Bioactive Compounds Resources: Case Study of Dittrichia graveolens Hydrodistillation Aqueous Residue. Waste Biomass Valor 12, 5065–5077 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01375-4

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