Abstract
The use of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) has greatly reduced the health and economic impact posed by malaria. This study evaluated the residual effect of LLINs on malaria parasite infections among non-LLIN users sleeping in rooms where nets were hung. This study was carried out at Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of 259 students were systematically recruited into this study and were classified into two groups of LLINs users and non-users. The LLIN users were further classified according to the proportion of net usage and this includes; < 50%, exactly 50% and > 50% respectively. Finger prick blood samples were collected from the participants and microscopically analysed for the presence of parasites. Demographic characteristics were also recorded. A general prevalence of 40.5% positivity for malaria was recorded among the study population. A significantly high prevalence (p < 0.05) of malaria was recorded among non-users of LLINs compared to users (AOR 4.66, 95%CI 1.27–17.06). A significantly low prevalence of malaria parasite infection was recorded among non-users of LLINs occupying rooms where LLINs was hung compared with non-users from rooms where LLIN were not used. Furthermore, a reduction in prevalence of malaria and parasite densities was observed among non-users of LLINs (occupying rooms where LLINs was hung) as the proportion of LLIN usage increased in such rooms (p < 0.05). This study showed that some level of protection may be conferred on non-users of LLINs staying in rooms where LLINs are hung.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aluko JO, Oluwatosin AO (2012) Utilization of insecticide—treated nets during pregnancy among postpartum women in Ibadan, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Chidbirth 12:12
Awolola TS, Brooke BD, Hunt RH, Coetzee, (2002) Resistance of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s to pyrethroid insecticides in south - western Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96:849–852
Awolola TS, Adeogun OA, Olojede BJ, Oduola OA, Oyewole OI, Amajoh CN (2014) Impact of PermaNet 3.0 on entomological indices in an area of pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae in south-western Nigeria. Parasites Vect. 7:236
Brieger W (2017) The challenge of using and misusing insecticide-treated bed nets. Africa Health 39(6):13–15
Browne ENL, Maude GH, Binka FN (2001) The impact of Insecticide treated bed nets on malaria and anaemia in pregnancy in Kassena-Nankana District, Ghana: a randomized controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 6(9):667–676
Cheesbrough M (2005) Medical laboratory manual for tropical countries, 3rd edn. Butterworths and Co., London, pp 35–37
Greenwood BM, Armstrong JRM (1991) Comparison of two simple methods for determining malaria parasite density. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85:186–188
Idowu OA, Odeyemi MO, Babalola AS (2015) Assessment of accuracy and effectiveness of rapid diagnostic test for malaria diagnosis at primary health centres in Abeokuta Nigeria. Int J Trop Dis Health 8(3):90–97
Kelly-Hope L, Ranson H, Hemingway J (2008) Lessons from the past: managing insecticide resistance in malaria control and eradication programmes. Lancet Infect Dis 11:45–48
Kristan M, Fleischmann H, DellaTorrey A, Stich A, Curtis CF (2003) Pyrethroid resistance/susceptibility and differential urban/rural distribution of Anopheles arabiensis and An. gambiae s.s. malaria vectors in Nigeria and Ghana. Med Vet Entomol 17:326
Leighton C, Foster R (2003) Economic impact of malaria in Kenya and Nigeria. Applied Research paper 6
Lengeler C (2004) Insecticidal-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD000363
Lines JD, Myamba J, Curtis CF (1987) Experimental hut trials of permethrin-impregnated mosquito nets and eave curtains against malaria vectors in Tanzania. Med Vet Entomol 1:37–51
Malima CR, Magesa MS, Tungu KP, Mwingira V, Magogo SF, Sudi M, Mosha WF, Curtis FC, Maxwell C, Rowland M (2008) An experimental hut evaluation of Olyset® nets against anopheline mosquitoes after seven years use in Tanzanian villages. Malar J 7:38. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-7-38
Mogaji HO, Adeniran AA, Awoyale AK, Oluwole AS, Ekpo UF (2013) Baseline study of malaria infection in four rural communities of Ogun State. Asian J Biol Sci 6(6):300–305
Oduola AO, Obansa JB, Ashiegbu CO, Adeogun A, Otubanjo OA (2010) High level of DDT resistance in the malaria mosquitoe: Anopheles gambiae s.l from rural, semi urban and urban communities in Nigeria. J Rural Trop Pub Hlth 9:114–120
Okorie PN (2015) Insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. Med Vet Entomol 29(1):44–50
Okwa OO, Akinmolayan FI, Carter V, Hurd H (2009) Transmission dynamics of malaria in four selected ecological zones of Nigeria in the rainy season. Ann Afr Med 8(1):1–9
Oyewole IO, Mustapha KA, Adedeji OC, Adeogun D, Awolola S (2018) Susceptibility pattern of Anopheles mosquito to different classes of insecticides in selected communities in Ila-Orangun, Southwest Nigeria. Int J Mosq Res 5(1):106–111
Thomson M (1996) Geographical perspectives on bed net use and malaria transmission in the Gambia, West Africa. Soc Sci Med 43:101–112
WHO Global Malaria Program (2011) World malaria report 2011. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp 30–33
World Health Organisation (2014) Control of residual malaria parasite transmission. Global malaria programme 2014.
World Health Organisation (2018) Malaria in children under five. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland 2018. https://www.who.int/malaria/areas/high_risk_groups/children/en/
Yamane T (1967) Statistics, an introductory analysis, 2nd edn. Harper and Row, New York
Acknowledgements
We thank the students that volunteered to participate in this study. Our special appreciation goes to all that contributed immensely to the success of this research work.
Funding
No funding was received for this research. It was funded by the researchers.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
IOA conceived the research idea. BAS and IOA developed the research protocol, BAS, IOA and OOG did literature search and carried out the research work. BAS did the statistical analysis, BAS and IOA developed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethics approval
The Research and Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Agriculture provided ethical clearance for the study. The hostel warden, porters and the participants were fully briefed on the objectives of the study. Only participants who gave their consent were enrolled in the study.
Consent to participate
Both verbal and written consent of the students were also acquired. Only those who gave their written consent were enrolled for the study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Babalola, A.S., Idowu, O.A. & Omilabu, O.G. Varying levels of protection against Plasmodium falciparium infection were conferred on non-users of long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINS) sleeping in rooms where different number of LLINS were hung in hyper endemic state of West Africa. J Parasit Dis 45, 137–145 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-020-01286-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-020-01286-6