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Silica-Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: A Brief Review

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Abstract

Biodiesel, an environmentally friendly fuel, has been developed as a renewable fuel. It is accomplished through either a transesterification reaction with a base catalyst or a two-step reaction with an acid catalyst followed by a transesterification reaction with a base catalyst. A two-step reaction is performed on oil involving high levels of free fatty acids (FFA), such as used cooking oil or others. Silica is a material that has the potential to be developed as a heterogeneous catalyst based on its acidic and basic properties in biodiesel production. This review discusses the use of silica material and its modification as a catalyst to increase its acidity and/or basicity, which can increase its catalytic activity to produce biodiesel. Modification of silica as an acid catalyst, for example, in the sulfation process using sulfuric acid solution, has led to an increase in silica’s acidity and a half-reduction in the FFA content of used cooking oil. The silica catalyst in the esterification and/or transesterification reactions shows good conversion of biodiesel. Loading base catalyst materials such as CaO, MgO, and KF onto silica has resulted in close to 100% conversion of an oil such as used cooking oil, corn oil, or Jatropha oil.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Rekognisi Tugas Akhir (RTA) Project of Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Funding

This work was supported by Rekognisi Tugas Akhir (RTA) Project of Universitas Gadjah Mada under the Contract Number: 5722/UN1.P.III/Dit-Lit/PT.01.05/2022.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Aneu Aneu & Karna Wijaya

  2. Study Program of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Palangka Raya, Central of Kalimantan, Palangkaraya, Indonesia

    Remi Ayu Pratika

  3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sriwijaya, South Sumatera, Palembang, Indonesia

    Hasanudin

  4. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, North Sumatera, Indonesia

    Saharman Gea

  5. Department of Advanced Materials and Engineering, Hansoe University, Seosan-Si, Chungnam-Do, Hongseong, Republic of Korea

    Won-Chun Oh

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  1. Aneu Aneu
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  3. Hasanudin
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Contributions

Aneu: Conceived and designed the analysis and wrote the original draft. Remi Ayu Pratika: Collected the data, Performed the analysis, Wrote and reviewed the original draft. Karna Wijaya: Conceived of the presented idea, Performed the analysis. Hasanudin: Collected the data. Saharman Gea: Collected the data. Won-Chun Oh: Conceived and designed the analysis.

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Correspondence to Karna Wijaya.

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Aneu, A., Pratika, R.A., Hasanudin et al. Silica-Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: A Brief Review. Silicon 15, 5037–5047 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-023-02403-9

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