Abstract
This article presents a new directional coupling between two transverse strip metal-insulator-metal (TS-MIM) waveguides on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform at 1.55 μm wavelength. The directional coupling between two TS-MIM waveguides shows a coupling length of less than 2 μm for a ridge width and gap width of 150 nm and 50 nm, respectively. Meanwhile, a direct coupling between a hybrid plasmonic (HP) waveguide and a TS-MIM waveguide was also investigated. The maximum optical power transmission from the HP-waveguide to the TS-MIM waveguide will occur at 1.3 μm long TS-MIM waveguide. An HP-waveguide coupled to the TS-MIM waveguide with a tapered tip is incredibly beneficial in nanofocusing applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of Data and Material
All of data and material are available.
Code Availability
All of the required data from the utilized software can be delivered.
References
Gramotnev DK, Bozhevolnyi SI (2010) Plasmonics beyond the diffraction limit. Nat Photonics 4(2):83–91. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2009.282
Hill MT, Oei Y-S, Smalbrugge B, Zhu Y, De Vries T, Van Veldhoven PJ, Van Otten FW, Eijkemans TJ, Turkiewicz JP, De Waardt H (2007) Lasing in metallic-coated nanocavities. Nat Photonics 1(10):589–594. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2007.171
Barnes WL, Dereux A, Ebbesen TW (2003) Surface plasmon subwavelength optics. Nature 424(6950):824–830. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01937
Oulton RF, Sorger VJ, Genov D, Pile D, Zhang X (2008) A hybrid plasmonic waveguide for subwavelength confinement and long-range propagation. Nature photonics 2(8):496–500. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2008.131
Dai D, He S (2010) Low-loss hybrid plasmonic waveguide with double low-index nano-slots. Opt Express 18(17):17958–17966. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.017958
Nikoufard M, Heydari N, Pourgholi S, Khomami AR (2016) Novel hybrid plasmonic-based directional coupler on InP substrate. Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications 22:9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2016.08.002
Nikoufard M, Alamouti MK, Pourgholi S (2017) Multimode interference power-splitter using InP-based deeply etched hybrid plasmonic waveguide. IEEE Trans Nanotechnol 16(3):477–483. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2017.2688397
Gramotnev DK, Pile DF, Vogel MW, Zhang X (2007) Local electric field enhancement during nanofocusing of plasmons by a tapered gap. Phys Rev B 75(3):035431. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.75.035431
Pile D, Gramotnev DK (2006) Adiabatic and nonadiabatic nanofocusing of plasmons by tapered gap plasmon waveguides. Appl Phys Lett 89(4):041111. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2236219
Choi H, Pile DF, Nam S, Bartal G, Zhang X (2009) Compressing surface plasmons for nano-scale optical focusing. Opt Express 17(9):7519–7524. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.007519
Choo H, Kim M-K, Staffaroni M, Seok TJ, Bokor J, Cabrini S, Schuck PJ, Wu MC, Yablonovitch E (2012) Nanofocusing in a metal–insulator–metal gap plasmon waveguide with a three-dimensional linear taper. Nat Photonics 6(12):838–844. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2012.277
Vedantam S, Lee H, Tang J, Conway J, Staffaroni M, Yablonovitch E (2009) A plasmonic dimple lens for nanoscale focusing of light. Nano Lett 9(10):3447–3452. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl9016368
O’Connor D, McCurry M, Lafferty B, Zayats A (2009) Plasmonic waveguide as an efficient transducer for high-density data storage. Appl Phys Lett 95(17):171112. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3257701
Srituravanich W, Fang N, Sun C, Luo Q, Zhang X (2004) Plasmonic nanolithography. Nano Lett 4(6):1085–1088. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl049573q
Kim T, Lee W-S, Joe H-E, Lim G, Choi G-J, Gang M-G, Kang S-M, Park K-S, Min B-K, Park Y-P (2012) High-speed plasmonic nanolithography with a solid immersion lens-based plasmonic optical head. Appl Phys Lett 101(16):161109. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4760263
Khaleque A, Mironov EG, Osório JH, Li Z, Cordeiro CM, Liu L, Franco MA, Liow J-L, Hattori HT (2017) Integration of bow-tie plasmonic nano-antennas on tapered fibers. Opt Express 25(8):8986–8996. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.008986
Lin Y-C, Lee P-T (2019) Efficient optical trapping of Nano-particle via waveguide-coupled hybrid Plasmonic Nano-taper. IEEE Photonics Journal 11(3):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2019.2912836
Tang L, Kocabas SE, Latif S, Okyay AK, Ly-Gagnon D-S, Saraswat KC, Miller DA (2008) Nanometre-scale germanium photodetector enhanced by a near-infrared dipole antenna. Nat Photonics 2(4):226–229. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2008.30
Chorsi HT, Zhu Y, Zhang JX (2017) Patterned Plasmonic surfaces—theory, fabrication, and applications in biosensing. J Microelectromech Syst 26(4):718–739. https://doi.org/10.1109/JMEMS.2017.2699864
Umakoshi T, Saito Y, Verma P (2016) Highly efficient plasmonic tip design for plasmon nanofocusing in near-field optical microscopy. Nanoscale 8(10):5634–5640. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR08548A
Wongpanya K, Kasaya T, Miyazaki HT, Oosato H, Sugimoto Y, Pijitrojana W (2016) Mass-productive fabrication of a metal–insulator–metal plasmon waveguide with a linear taper for nanofocusing. Applied Physics B 122(9):238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-016-6515-8
Kumar S, Park H, Cho H, Siddique R, Narasimhan V, Yang D, Choo H (2020) Overcoming evanescent field decay using 3D-tapered nanocavities for on-chip targeted molecular analysis. Nat Commun 11(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16813-5
Han Z, He S (2007) Multimode interference effect in plasmonic subwavelength waveguides and an ultra-compact power splitter. Opt Commun 278(1):199–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2007.05.058
Salgueiro J, Kivshar Y (2010) Nonlinear plasmonic directional couplers. Appl Phys Lett 97(8):081106. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3482939
Pu M, Yao N, Hu C, Xin X, Zhao Z, Wang C, Luo X (2010) Directional coupler and nonlinear Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on metal-insulator-metal plasmonic waveguide. Opt Express 18(20):21030–21037. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.021030
Dai D, He S (2009) A silicon-based hybrid plasmonic waveguide with a metal cap for a nano-scale light confinement. Opt Express 17(19):16646–16653. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.016646
Lou F, Wang Z, Dai D, Thylen L, Wosinski L (2012) Experimental demonstration of ultra-compact directional couplers based on silicon hybrid plasmonic waveguides. Appl Phys Lett 100(24):241105. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4729018
Amirhosseini A, Safian R (2013) A hybrid plasmonic waveguide for the propagation of surface plasmon polariton at 1.55 μm on SOI substrate. IEEE Trans Nanotechnol 12(6):1031–1036. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2013.2263987
Ctyroký J, Kwiecien P, Richter I (2013) Analysis of hybrid dielectric-plasmonic slot waveguide structures with 3D Fourier modal methods. Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid publications 8:13024. https://doi.org/10.2971/jeos.2013.13024
Soleimannezhad F, Nikoufard M, Mahdian M (2020) A. Low-loss indium phosphide-based hybrid plasmonic waveguide. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.32488
Kwon M (2011) Metal-insulator-silicon-insulator-metal waveguides compatible with standard CMOS technology. Opt Express 19(9):8379–8393. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.008379
Chheang V, Lee TK, Oh GY, Kim HS, Lee BH, Kim DG, Choi YW (2013) Compact polarizing beam splitter based on a metal-insulator-metal inserted into multimode interference coupler. Opt Express 21(18):20880–20887. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.020880
Haus H, Huang W, Kawakami S, Whitaker N (1987) Coupled-mode theory of optical waveguides. J Lightwave Technol 5(1):16–23. https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.1987.1075416
Acknowledgments
We would like to appreciate E. Rajabalizadeh for helping in this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All of contributors are in the author’s list or in acknowledgment.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval
We confirm the ethic approval.
Consent to Participate
All of authors and contributors have consent for this article.
Consent for Publication
All of authors and contributors have consent to publish in this journal.
Conflicts of Interest/Competing Interests
There is no conflicts/competing of interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sadeghzadeh Maraghi, V., Eslami, M. & Nikoufard, M. Efficient Coupling in Transverse Strip Metal-Insulator-Metal Structure on Silicon-on-Insulator Layer Stack. Silicon 14, 2921–2929 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-021-01094-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-021-01094-4