Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Review on the plastic instability of medium-Mn steels for identifying the formation mechanisms of Lüders and Portevin–Le Chatelier bands

  • Invited Review
  • Published:
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Plastic instability, including both the discontinuous yielding and stress serrations, has been frequently observed during the tensile deformation of medium-Mn steels (MMnS) and has been intensively studied in recent years. Unfortunately, research results are controversial, and no consensus has been achieved regarding the topic. Here, we first summarize all the possible factors that affect the yielding and flow stress serrations in MMnS, including the morphology and stability of austenite, the feature of the phase interface, and the deformation parameters. Then, we propose a universal mechanism to explain the conflicting experimental results. We conclude that the discontinuous yielding can be attributed to the lack of mobile dislocation before deformation and the rapid dislocation multiplication at the beginning of plastic deformation. Meanwhile, the results show that the stress serrations are formed due to the pinning and depinning between dislocations and interstitial atoms in austenite. Strain-induced martensitic transformation, influenced by the mechanical stability of austenite grain and deformation parameters, should not be the intrinsic cause of plastic instability. However, it can intensify or weaken the discontinuous yielding and the stress serrations by affecting the mobility and density of dislocations, as well as the interaction between the interstitial atoms and dislocations in austenite grains.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. D.W. Suh and S.J. Kim, Medium Mn transformation-induced plasticity steels: Recent progress and challenges, Scripta Mater., 126(2017), p. 63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. B. Hu, H.W. Luo, F. Yang, and H. Dong, Recent progress in medium-Mn steels made with new designing strategies, a review, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 33(2017), No. 12, p. 1457.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. B. Hu, B.B. He, G.J. Cheng, H. Yen, M.X. Huang, and H.W. Luo, Super-high-strength and formable medium Mn steel manufactured by warm rolling process, Acta Mater., 174(2019), p. 131.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. B. Hu and H.W. Luo, A strong and ductile 7Mn steel manufactured by warm rolling and exhibiting both transformation and twinning induced plasticity, J. Alloys Compd., 725(2017), p. 684.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. B.B. He, B. Hu, H.W. Yen, et al., High dislocation density-induced large ductility in deformed and partitioned steels, Science, 357(2017), No. 6355, p. 1029.

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. L. Liu, Q. Yu, Z. Wang, J. Ell, M.X. Huang, and R.O. Ritchie, Making ultrastrong steel tough by grain-boundary delamination, Science, 368(2020), No. 6497, p. 1347.

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. R. Ding, Y. Yao, B. Sun, et al., Chemical boundary engineering: A new route toward lean, ultrastrong yet ductile steels, Sci. Adv., 6(2020), No. 13, art. No. eaay1430.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Y.J. Li, G. Yuan, L.L. Li, et al., Ductile 2-GPa steels with hierarchical substructure, Science, 379(2023), No. 6628, p. 168.

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Z.J. Teng, H.R. Wu, S. Pramanik, K.P. Hoyer, M. Schaper, H.L. Zhang, C. Boller, and P. Starke, Characterization and analysis of plastic instability in an ultrafine-grained medium Mn TRIP steel, Adv. Eng. Mater., 24(2022), No. 9, art. No. 2200022.

    Google Scholar 

  10. B. Hu, X. Tu, Y. Wang, H.W. Luo, and X.P. Mao, Recent progress and future research prospects on the plastic instability of medium-Mn steels: A review, Chin. J. Eng., 42(2020), No. 1, p. 48.

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. E. Pink and A. Grinberg, Serrated flow in a ferritic stainless steel, Mater. Sci. Eng., 51(1981), No. 1, p. 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. D. Akama, N. Nakada, T. Tsuchiyama, S. Takaki, and A. Hironaka, Discontinuous yielding induced by the addition of nickel to interstitial-free steel, Scripta Mater., 82(2014), p. 13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Y.K. Lee and J. Han, Current opinion in medium manganese steel, Mater. Sci. Technol., 31(2015), No. 7, p. 843.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. H.W. Luo, H. Dong, and M.X. Huang, Effect of intercritical annealing on the Lüders strains of medium Mn transformation-induced plasticity steels, Mater. Des., 83(2015), p. 42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. B.H. Sun, F. Fazeli, C. Scott, N. Brodusch, R. Gauvin, and S. Yue, The influence of silicon additions on the deformation behavior of austenite–ferrite duplex medium manganese steels, Acta Mater., 148(2018), p. 249.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. J. Han, S.H. Kang, S.J. Lee, and Y.K. Lee, Fabrication of bimodal-grained Al-free medium Mn steel by double intercritical annealing and its tensile properties, J. Alloys Compd., 681(2016), p. 580.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. B.H. Sun, F. Fazeli, C. Scott, et al., Microstructural characteristics and tensile behavior of medium manganese steels with different manganese additions, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 729(2018), p. 496.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. J.H. Ryu, J.I. Kim, H.S. Kim, C.S. Oh, H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, and D.W. Suh, Austenite stability and heterogeneous deformation in fine-grained transformation-induced plasticity-assisted steel, Scripta Mater., 68(2013), No. 12, p. 933.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. J.W. Ma, Q. Lu, L. Sun, and Y. Shen, Two-step intercritical annealing to eliminate Lüders band in a strong and ductile medium Mn steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 49(2018), No. 10, p. 4404.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Y. Zhang and H. Ding, Ultrafine also can be ductile: On the essence of Lüders band elongation in ultrafine-grained medium manganese steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 733(2018), p. 220.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Z.C. Li, H. Ding, R.D.K. Misra, and Z.H. Cai, Deformation behavior in cold-rolled medium-manganese TRIP steel and effect of pre-strain on the Lüders bands, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 679(2017), p. 230.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. X.G. Wang, B.B. He, C.H. Liu, C. Jiang, and M.X. Huang, Extraordinary Lüders-strain-rate in medium Mn steels, Materialia, 6(2019), art. No. 100288.

  23. X.G. Wang, C.H. Liu, B.B. He, C. Jiang, and M.X. Huang, Microscopic strain partitioning in Lüders band of an ultrafine-grained medium Mn steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 761(2019), art. No. 138050.

  24. Y. Dong, M. Qi, Y. Du, H.Y. Wu, X.H. Gao, and L.X. Du, Significance of retained austenite stability on yield point elongation phenomenon in a hot-rolled and intercritically annealed medium-Mn steel, Steel Res. Int., 93(2022), No. 11, art. No. 2200400.

    Google Scholar 

  25. J.Y. Zhang, Y.B. Xu, D.T. Han, and Z.L. Tong, Improving yield strength and elongation combination by tailoring austenite characteristics and deformation mechanism in medium Mn steel, Scripta Mater., 218(2022), art. No. 114790.

  26. P.J. Gibbs, E. De Moor, M.J. Merwin, B. Clausen, J.G. Speer, and D.K. Matlock, Austenite stability effects on tensile behavior of manganese-enriched-austenite transformation-induced plasticity steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 42(2011), No. 12, p. 3691.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. I. Miyazaki, T. Furuta, K. Oh-ishi, et al., Overcoming the strength-ductility trade-off via the formation of a thermally stable and plastically unstable austenitic phase in cold-worked steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 721(2018), p. 74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. J. Han, S.J. Lee, J.G. Jung, and Y.K. Lee, The effects of the initial martensite microstructure on the microstructure and tensile properties of intercritically annealed Fe-9Mn-0.05C steel, Acta Mater., 78(2014), p. 369.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. A. Dutta, D. Ponge, S. Sandlöbes, and D. Raabe, Strain partitioning and strain localization in medium manganese steels measured by in situ microscopic digital image correlation, Materialia, 5(2019), art. No. 100252.

  30. K. Steineder, D. Krizan, R. Schneider, C. Béal, and C. Sommitsch, On the microstructural characteristics influencing the yielding behavior of ultra-fine grained medium-Mn steels, Acta Mater., 139(2017), p. 39.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. B.H. Sun, Y. Ma, N. Vanderesse, et al., Macroscopic to nano-scopic in situ investigation on yielding mechanisms in ultrafine grained medium Mn steels: Role of the austenite-ferrite interface, Acta Mater., 178(2019), p. 10.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. M.S. Jeong, T.M. Park, S. Choi, S.J. Lee, and J. Han, Recovering the ductility of medium-Mn steel by restoring the original microstructure, Scripta Mater., 190(2021), p. 16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. T.W.J. Kwok and D. Dye, A review of the processing, microstructure and property relationships in medium Mn steels, Mater. Rev., 68(2023), No. 8, p. 1058.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. B. Hu, F.L. Ding, X. Tu, et al., Influence of lamellar and equiaxed microstructural morphologies on yielding behaviour of a medium Mn steel, Materialia, 20(2021), art. No. 101252.

  35. Y. Ma, B.H. Sun, A. Schökel, et al., Phase boundary segregation-induced strengthening and discontinuous yielding in ultrafine-grained duplex medium-Mn steels, Acta Mater., 200(2020), p. 389.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. B. Hu, X. Shen, Q.Y. Guo, et al., Yielding behavior of triplex medium Mn steel alternated with cooling strategies altering martensite/ferrite interfacial feature, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 126(2022), p. 60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Y. Wang, M. Zhang, Q.Y. Cen, W.J. Wang, and X.Y. Sun, A novel process combining thermal deformation and intercritical annealing to enhance mechanical properties and avoid Lüders strain of Fe–0.2C–7Mn TRIP steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 839(2022), art. No. 142849.

  38. M.H. Zhang, L.F. Li, J. Ding, et al., Temperature-dependent micromechanical behavior of medium-Mn transformation-induced-plasticity steel studied by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction, Acta Mater., 141(2017), p. 294.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. X.G. Wang and M.X. Huang, Temperature dependence of Lüders strain and its correlation with martensitic transformation in a medium Mn transformation-induced plasticity steel, J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 24(2017), No. 11, p. 1073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. C.P. Tong, Q. Rong, V.A. Yardley, et al., Investigation of deformation behaviour with yield point phenomenon in cold-rolled medium-Mn steel under hot stamping conditions, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 306(2022), art. No. 117623.

  41. D. Hull and D.J. Bacon, Introduction to Dislocations, 4th ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2001, p. 214.

    Google Scholar 

  42. S. Gao, Y. Bai, R.X. Zheng, et al., Mechanism of huge Lüders-type deformation in ultrafine grained austenitic stainless steel, Scripta Mater., 159(2019), p. 28.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. J.W. Ma, H.T. Liu, Q. Lu, Y. Zhong, L. Wang, and Y. Shen, Transformation kinetics of retained austenite in the tensile Lüders strain range in medium Mn steel, Scripta Mater., 169(2019), p. 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. W.Q. Mao, S. Gao, W. Gong, S. Harjo, T. Kawasaki, and N. Tsuji, Quantitatively evaluating the huge Lüders band deformation in an ultrafine grain stainless steel by combining in situ neutron diffraction and digital image correlation analysis, Scripta Mater., 235(2023), art. No. 115642.

  45. W.J. Yin, F. Briffod, H.Y. Hu, K. Yamazaki, T. Shiraiwa, and M. Enoki, Quantitative investigation of strain partitioning and failure mechanism in ultrafine grained medium Mn steel through high resolution digital image correlation, Scripta Mater., 229(2023), art. No. 115386.

  46. M. Çobanoğlu, R.K. Ertan, C. Şimşir, and M. Efe, Excessive damage increase in dual phase steels under high strain rates and temperatures, Int. J. Damage Mech., 30(2021), No. 2, p. 283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. M. Calcagnotto, D. Ponge, E. Demir, and D. Raabe, Orientation gradients and geometrically necessary dislocations in ultrafine grained dual-phase steels studied by 2D and 3D EBSD, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 527(2010), No. 10–11, p. 2738.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. D.A. Korzekwa, D.K. Matlock, and G. Krauss, Dislocation substructure as a function of strain in a dual-phase steel, Metall. Trans. A, 15(1984), No. 6, p. 1221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. J. Kadkhodapour, S. Schmauder, D. Raabe, S. Ziaei-Rad, U. Weber, and M. Calcagnotto, Experimental and numerical study on geometrically necessary dislocations and non-homogeneous mechanical properties of the ferrite phase in dual phase steels, Acta Mater., 59(2011), No. 11, p. 4387.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. H.J. Pan, X.Y. Li, B. Qiao, et al., A medium-Mn steel stamped parts overcoming lüders deformation by increasing dislocation density, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 31(2022), No. 2, p. 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. G.Q. Su, H.B. Xie, M.S. Huo, et al., Yielding behavior and strengthening mechanisms of a high strength ultrafine-grained Cr-Mn-Ni-N stainless steel, Steel Res. Int., 93(2022), No. 5, art. No. 2100524.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Z.H. Cai, H. Ding, R.D.K. Misra, and Z.Y. Ying, Austenite stability and deformation behavior in a cold-rolled transformation-induced plasticity steel with medium manganese content, Acta Mater., 84(2015), p. 229.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. M.H. Barati Rizi, M. Ghiasabadi Farahani, M. Aghaahmadi, J.H. Kim, L.P. Karjalainen, and P. Sahu, Analysis of strain hardening behavior of a high-Mn TWIP steel using electron microscopy and cyclic stress relaxation, Acta Mater., 240(2022), art. No. 118309.

  54. B.H. Sun, N. Vanderesse, F. Fazeli, et al., Discontinuous strain-induced martensite transformation related to the Portevin–Le Chatelier effect in a medium manganese steel, Scripta Mater., 133(2017), p. 9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. A. Müller, C. Segel, M. Linderov, A. Vinogradov, A. Weidner, and H. Biermann, The Portevin–Le Châtelier effect in a meta-stable austenitic stainless steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 47(2016), No. 1, p. 59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. X.G. Wang, L. Wang, and M.X. Huang, Kinematic and thermal characteristics of Lüders and Portevin–Le Châtelier bands in a medium Mn transformation-induced plasticity steel, Acta Mater., 124(2017), p. 17.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. F. Yang, H.W. Luo, E.X. Pu, S.L. Zhang, and H. Dong, On the characteristics of Portevin–Le Chatelier bands in cold-rolled 7Mn steel showing transformation-induced plasticity, Int. J. Plast., 103(2018), p. 188.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. J.Y. Min, L.G. Hector Jr, L. Zhang, L. Sun, J.E. Carsley, and J.P. Lin, Plastic instability at elevated temperatures in a TRIP-assisted steel, Mater. Des., 95(2016), p. 370.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. B. Grzegorczyk, A. Kozlowska, M. Morawiec, R. Muszyński, and A. Grajcar, Effect of deformation temperature on the Portevin–Le Chatelier effect in medium-Mn steel, Metals, 9(2018), No. 1, art. No. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  60. P Lan and J.Q. Zhang, Serrated flow and dynamic strain aging in Fe–Mn–C TWIP steel. Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 49(2018), No. 1, p. 147.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. A. Kipelova, R. Kaibyshev, V. Skorobogatykh, and I. Schenkova, Portevin–Le Chatelier effect in an E911 creep resistant steel with 3%Co additives, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 240(2010), art. No. 012100.

  62. A. Rusinek and J.R. Klepaczko, Experiments on heat generated during plastic deformation and stored energy for TRIP steels, Mater. Des., 30(2009), No. 1, p. 35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. S. Sevsek, C. Haase, and W. Bleck, Strain-rate-dependent deformation behavior and mechanical properties of a multi-phase medium-manganese steel, Metals, 9(2019), No. 3, art. No. 344.

    Google Scholar 

  64. P. Rodriguez, Serrated plastic flow, Bull. Mater. Sci., 6(1984), No. 4, p. 653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. B. M. Gonzalez, L. Marchi, E. J. Fonseca, P. J. Modenesi, and V. Buono, Measurement of dynamic strain aging in pearlitic steels by tensile test, ISIJ Int., 43(2003), p. 428.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. B. Bayramin, C. Şimşir, and M. Efe, Dynamic strain aging in DP steels at forming relevant strain rates and temperatures, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 704(2017), p. 164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. M.J. Molaei and A. Ekrami, The effect of dynamic strain aging on subsequent mechanical properties of dual-phase steels, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 19(2010), No. 4, p. 607.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. A.H. Cottrell and B.A. Bilby, Dislocation theory of yielding and strain ageing of iron, Proc. Phys. Soc. A, 62(1949), No. 1, p. 49.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. H.W. Zhou, J.F. Fang, Y. Chen, et al., Internal friction studies on dynamic strain aging in P91 ferritic steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 676(2016), p. 361.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. B.K. Choudhary, K. Bhanu Sankara Rao, S.L. Mannan, and B.P. Kashyap, Serrated yielding in 9Cr–1Mo ferritic steel, Mater. Sci. Technol., 15(1999), No. 7, p. 791.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. S. Chandran, W.Q. Liu, J.H. Lian, S. Münstermann, and P. Verleysen, Dynamic strain aging in DP1000: Effect of temperature and strain rate, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 832(2022), art. No. 142509.

  72. R.R.U. Queiroz, F.G.G. Cunha, and B.M. Gonzalez, Study of dynamic strain aging in dual phase steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 543(2012), p. 84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. D.D. Li, L.H. Qian, C.Z. Wei, S. Liu, F.C. Zhang, and J.Y. Meng, The tensile properties and microstructure evolution of cold-rolled Fe–Mn–C TWIP steels with different carbon contents, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 839(2022), art. No. 142862.

  74. W. Bleck, New insights into the properties of high-manganese steel, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 28(2021), No. 5, p. 782.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. B. Hu and H.W. Luo, A novel two-step intercritical annealing process to improve mechanical properties of medium Mn steel, Acta Mater., 176(2019), p. 250.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. S.J. Lee, J. Kim, S.N. Kane, and B.C. De Cooman, On the origin of dynamic strain aging in twinning-induced plasticity steels, Acta Mater., 59(2011), No. 17, p. 6809.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. S. Lee, J. Kim, S.J. Lee, and B.C. De Cooman, Effect of nitrogen on the critical strain for dynamic strain aging in high-manganese twinning-induced plasticity steel, Scripta Mater., 65(2011), No. 6, p. 528.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. J.H. Kang, T. Ingendahl, J. von Appen, R. Dronskowski, and W. Bleck, Impact of short-range ordering on yield strength of high manganese austenitic steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 614(2014), p. 122.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. L. Bracke, J. Penning, and N. Akdut, The influence of Cr and N additions on the mechanical properties of FeMnC steels, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 38(2007), No. 3, p. 520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. A. Grajcar, P. Skrzypczyk, and D. Wozniak, Thermomechanically rolled medium-Mn steels containing retained austenite/walcowane termomechanicznie stale średniomanganowe zawierające austenit szczątkowy, Arch. Metall. Mater., 59(2014), No. 4, p. 1691.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. D.M. Field and D.C. Van Aken, Dynamic strain aging phenomena and tensile response of medium-Mn TRIP steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 49(2018), No. 4, p. 1152.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. H.Y. Liu, S. Liu, C.Z. Wei, L.H. Qian, Y.L. Feng, and F.C. Zhang, Effect of grain size on dynamic strain aging behavior of C-bearing high Mn twinning-induced plasticity steel, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 15(2021), p. 6387.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. B.H. Sun, A. Kwiatkowski da Silva, Y.X. Wu, et al., Physical metallurgy of medium-Mn advanced high-strength steels, Int. Mater. Rev., 68(2023), No. 7, p. 786.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. J.H. Nam, S.K. Oh, M.H. Park, and Y.K. Lee, The mechanism of dynamic strain aging for type A serrations in tensile curves of a medium-Mn steel, Acta Mater., 206(2021), art. No. 116613.

  85. S.S. Li and H.W. Luo, Medium-Mn steels for hot forming application in the automotive industry, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 28(2021), No. 5, p. 741.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. P.Y. Wen, J.S. Han, H.W. Luo, and X.P. Mao, Effect of flash processing on recrystallization behavior and mechanical performance of cold-rolled IF steel, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 27(2020), No. 9, p. 1234.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Y.J. Wang, S. Zhao, R.B. Song, and B. Hu, Hot ductility behavior of a Fe–0.3C–9Mn–2Al medium Mn steel, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 28(2021), No. 3, p. 422.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. H. Xu, X.B. Liu, D. Zhang, and X.F. Zhang, Minimizing serrated flow in Al–Mg alloys by electroplasticity, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 35(2019), No. 6, p. 1108.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. K. Yi, S. Zhou, and X.F. Zhang, Suppression of serrated flow in medium Mn steel under pulsed electric current, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 846(2022), art. No. 143271.

  90. B. Hu, Q.H. Wen, Q.Y. Guo, Y.J. Wang, H. Sui, and H.W. Luo, A novel electric pulse pathway to suppress plastic localization and enhance strain hardening of medium Mn steel, Scripta Mater., 221(2022), art. No. 114991.

  91. B. Hu and H.W. Luo, A Method and Process of Inhibiting the Local Plastic Instability of High/Medium Mn Steel, Chinese Patent, Appl. 202011497048.X, 2022.

  92. A. Gramlich, T. Schmiedl, S. Schönborn, T. Melz, and W. Bleck, Development of air-hardening martensitic forging steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 784(2020), art. No. 139321.

  93. A. Gramlich, W. Hagedorn, K. Greiff, and U. Krupp, Air cooling martensites—The future of carbon neutral steel forgings?, Adv. Eng. Mater., 25(2023), No. 15, art. No. 2201931.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Z.J. Xie, C.J. Shang, X.L. Wang, X.M. Wang, G. Han, and R.D.K. Misra, Recent progress in third-generation low alloy steels developed under M3 microstructure control, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 27(2020), No. 1, p. 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. B.H. Sun, W. Krieger, M. Rohwerder, D. Ponge, and D. Raabe, Dependence of hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms on microstructure-driven hydrogen distribution in medium Mn steels, Acta Mater., 183(2020), p. 313.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. J. Han, J.H. Nam, and Y.K. Lee, The mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement in intercritically annealed medium Mn TRIP steel, Acta Mater., 113(2016), p. 1.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. L. Cho, Y.R. Kong, J.G. Speer, and K.O. Findley, Hydrogen embrittlement of medium Mn steels, Metals, 11(2021), No. 2, art. No. 358.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Haiwen Luo and Bin Hu acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51831002, 51904028, and 52233018), the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (No. 2242048), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (No. FRF-EYIT-23-08).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China

    Bin Hu, Han Sui, Qinghua Wen, Zheng Wang & Haiwen Luo

  2. Steel Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Intzestraße 1, 52072, Aachen, Germany

    Alexander Gramlich

Authors
  1. Bin Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Han Sui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Qinghua Wen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zheng Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Alexander Gramlich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Haiwen Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Bin Hu or Haiwen Luo.

Ethics declarations

Haiwen Luo is an editorial board member for IJMMM and is not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. All authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hu, B., Sui, H., Wen, Q. et al. Review on the plastic instability of medium-Mn steels for identifying the formation mechanisms of Lüders and Portevin–Le Chatelier bands. Int J Miner Metall Mater (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2751-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-023-2751-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation