Introduction

Members of the family Chalicotheriidae were peculiar clawed perissodactyls that went extinct in the Pleistocene (Coombs and Cote 2010). They are an unusual group, unlike any living perissodactyl, and lack any true modern analogue (Coombs 1983). Originally, postcranial remains of these animals were referred to giant pangolins (Cuvier 1823), because of their large claws. The existence of claws instead of hooves is indeed a unique feature of the family Chalicotheriidae within the Perissodactyla. The same feature also led to their association with sloths (Lartet 1837). Due to their unusual limb proportions, some chalicotheres (Chalicotheriinae) have been compared to gorillas, and knuckle-walking locomotion has been proposed (Zapfe 1979), whereas other representatives (Schizotheriinae) have proportions more like modern okapis (Coombs 1983).

Schulz et al. (2007) studied the micro- and mesowear patterns of the dentition of European Miocene Chalicotheriidae and proposed that their diet included a substantial amount of bark and twigs. Subsequent studies further supported this ecological niche for the chalicotheres (Schulz and Fahlke 2009; Semprebon et al. 2011). As far as Ancylotherium pentelicum (Gaudry and Lartet, 1856) is concerned, Semprebon et al. (2011) studied several chalicotheres, including a small sample (five specimens, three of which belonged to juvenile individuals) of A. pentelicum, inferring a diet composed of leaves, twigs, and bark, despite the fact that it features the most high-crowned dentition among all chalicotheres (Semprebon et al. 2011).

Representatives of the family Chalicotheriidae are rare but typical faunal elements of the late Miocene sub-Paratethyan bioprovince (sensu Bernor 1983) or Greco-Iranian (Balkan-Iranian) bioprovince (sensu de Bonis et al. 1992). During the Turolian, four species of Chalicotheriidae have been reported in the Balkan and Anatolian Peninsulas: the three chalico-theriines Chalicotherium goldfussi Kaup, 1833, Kalimantsia bulgarica Geraads et al., 2001 and Anisodon macedonicus (de Bonis et al., 1995), and the schizotheriine A. pentelicum (Geraads et al., 2001; Giaourtsakis and Koufos, 2009; Koufos, 2012).

The earliest potential occurrence of Ancylotherium has been reported from the French late middle Miocene (MN 7/8) locality La Grive St.-Alban (Fahlke and Coombs 2009, p. 87-88; Coombs 2009, p. 122). The chalicothere material from La Grive has been known for well over a century and has been referred to various taxa over time. Von Koenigswald (1932) included teeth of the schizotheriine chalicothere from La Grive within Metaschizotherium fraasi Von Koenigswald, 1932. Later, Mein and Ginsburg (2002) erected the new species Phyllotillon grivensis Mein and Ginsburg, 2002 for the material from La Grive. Fahlke and Coombs (2009) and Coombs (2009) discussed the taxonomy of the schizotheriine chalicothere from La Grive and suggested that it might represent an early Ancylotherium species. During the Vallesian, the species Ancylotherium hellenicum Koufos 2012 from Pentalophos 1 represents the oldest occurrence of the genus in the Eastern Mediterranean (Koufos 2012). During the Turolian, the dominant chalicothere of the Eastern Medi-terranean region is A. pentelicum (Giaourtsakis and Koufos 2009; Koufos 2012). Its biogeographical distribution ranged at least from the Balkan peninsula to Iran (Fig. 1), covering the entire sub-Paratethyan bioprovince (Koufos and Kostopoulos 2016). Material associated with the genus Ancylotherium has been also reported from several late Miocene localities in the Iberian Peninsula, including the Turolian site Concud and the Vallesian sites Los Valles de Fuentidueña and Nombrevilla in Spain (Alberdi et al. 1981). Coombs (2009) proposed the assignment of the material from Los Valles de Fuentidueña to Ancylotherium sp., whereas Koufos (2012) discussed a possible assignment of this material to Ancylotherium hellenicum. However, the scarcity of the Iberian material does not currently suffice for any definite conclusion (Giaourtsakis and Koufos 2009).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Map with the occurrences of Ancylotherium pentelicum (Gaudry and Lartet, 1856) in the sub-Paratethyan (Balkan-Iranian) bioprovince. The black star represents Kerassia. The black dots represent: 1 Pikermi (Roussiakis and Theodorou 2001); 2 Samos (Giaourstakis and Koufos 2009); 3 Halmyropotamos (Roussiakis and Theodorou 2001); 4 Nikiti 2 (Koufos and Kostopoulos 2006); 5 Thermopigi (Geraads et al. 2007) (Greece); 6 North Macedonian localities (Karaslari, Kiro Kuchuk and Prevalets) (Spassov et al. 2018); 7 Bulgarian localities (Hadjidimovo 1, Hadjidimovo 2, Kalimantsi, Gorna Sushitsa 7 and Strumyani) (Geraads et al. 2001, 2006; Spassov et al. 2019); 8 Gülpinar (Saraç and Sen 2005); 9 Karaburun (Kaya et al. 2005); 10 Salihpaşalar (Saraç and Sen 2005); 11 Kemiklitepe (Sen 1994); 12 Mahmutgazi (Geraads 2017); 13 Pinaryaka (Saraç and Sen 2005); 14 Akkașdağı (Saraç and Sen 2005) (Turkey); 15 Pogana (Romania); 16 Novoukrainka (Ukraine); and 17 Maragha (Iran) (Giaourtsakis and Koufos 2009, fig. 1). The map was created using Generic Mapping Tools (Wessel et al. 2013)

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Material and methods

Kerassia is a late Miocene (Turolian) fossiliferous locality, situated in the northern part of Euboea Island, Greece (Fig. 1). The initial excavation was conducted in 1982 by H. de Bruijn and A. van der Meulen (University of Utrecht) in collaboration with C. Doukas (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; NKUA). Starting in 1992, G. Theodorou (NKUA) started extensive excavations in the area, which led to the description of a very diverse fauna (Roussiakis and Theodorou 2003; Theodorou et al. 2003; Giaourtsakis et al. 2006; Athanassiou et al. 2014; Kampouridis and Dimakopoulos 2018; Kampouridis et al. 2019, 2020a; Roussiakis et al. 2021). Overall, seven fossiliferous sites have been uncovered, which can be correlated with two distinct stratigraphical horizons (Iliopoulos 2003; Kampouridis et al. 2019). The sites Kerassia 2 (K2), Kerassia 3 (K3), Kerassia 4 (K4), and Kerassia 5 (K5) belong to the lower horizon, whereas Kerassia 1 (K1) and Kerassia 6 (K6) belong to the upper horizon. The associated fauna points to a middle Turolian age (MN12), but an early Turolian age (MN11), cannot be presently excluded (Theodorou et al. 2003; Kampouridis et al. 2019). Furthermore, the available data do not permit a biochronological differentiation between the two fossiliferous horizons.

The studied material consists of a right Mt-II (K4/119/7) from the lower fossiliferous horizon of Kerassia (site K4), as well as a left Mc-III (K1/80) and a left Mt-III (K1/171), from the upper horizon (site K1). The material is housed in the collections of the Museum of Palaeontology and Geology of the NKUA (AMPG). The aim of the present contribution is the detailed study of the chalicotheriid material from Kerassia and its morphological and morphometrical comparison with respective material from other localities of the Eastern Mediterranean region. Furthermore, a discussion of the intraspecific variability of A. pentelicum is provided. Previously, the occurrence of Ancylotherium sp. in Kerassia was briefly mentioned in a preliminary overview on the herbivores of the locality (Theodorou et al. 2003). A preliminary version of this study was presented at the 2nd Palaeontological Virtual Congress (Kampouridis et al. 2020b).

The measurements follow Roussiakis and Theodorou (2001); they were taken with a digital caliper with an error of 0.01 and then rounded to the first decimal.

Measurement abbreviations:

1, Lmax; 2, DTprox; 3, DAPprox; 4, DTdia; 5, DAPdia; 6, DTdistmax; 7, DTdist; 8, DAPdist.

Institutional abbreviations:

AMPG: Athens Museum of Palaeontology and Geology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; MMNH: North Macedonian Museum of Natural History, Skopje; NHML: Natural History Museum, London.

Systematic palaeontology

Class Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758

Order Perissodactyla Owen, 1848

Family Chalicotheriidae Gill, 1872

Subfamily Schizotheriinae Holland and Peterson, 1914

Genus Ancylotherium Gaudry, 1862

Ancylotherium pentelicum (Gaudry and Lartet, 1856)

Localities: Kerassia 1 (K1); Kerassia 4 (K4)

Material: left Mc-III (K1/80), right Mt-II (K4/119/7) and left Mt-III (K1/171)

Age: Late Miocene (Turolian; MN11?–MN12)

Description

K1/80 is a moderately well-preserved right Mc-III (Figs. 2a–d and 3a, 3d), missing the distal articular head; only a small remnant of the epiphysis is preserved. In proximal view, three articular facets for the distal carpal bones can be distinguished. Medially, the articular facet for the Mc-II is concave and has a rectangular outline, being oblique towards its medial side. In the middle of the proximal surface is a rectangular and slightly concave articular facet for the magnum. Laterally, an articular facet for the unciform protrudes slightly. The anterior parts of the articular facets for the unciform and Mc-IV are damaged. In lateral view, beneath the thin articular stripe for the unciform, an articular facet for the Mc-IV is placed. The two facets are connected throughout their longest axis. Their exact morphology cannot be assessed due to their state of preservation. The shaft of the Mc-III is anteroposteriorly flattened, featuring a concave anterior side and an almost straight posterior aspect. The bone is considerably longer and relatively slenderer with respect to the shaft of the two metatarsal specimens (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Material of Ancylotherium pentelicum (Gaudry and Lartet, 1856) from Kerassia (Greece): a–d left Mc-III from Kerassia 1 (K1/80) in a anterior, b posterior, c medial, and d lateral view; e–h right Mt-II from Kerassia 4 (K4/119/7) in e anterior, f posterior, g medial, and h lateral view; and i–l left Mt-III from Kerassia 1 (K1/171) in i anterior, j posterior, k medial, and l lateral view. The scale bar is 10 cm

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Fig. 3
figure 3

Material of Ancylotherium pentelicum (Gaudry and Lartet, 1856) from Kerassia (Greece): a left Mc-III from Kerassia 1 (K1/80), b right Mt-II from Kerassia 4 (K4/119/7), and c left Mt-III from Kerassia 1 (K1/171) in proximal view, and d–f drawings of the respective metapodium, grey areas represent damaged parts of the bones. Abbreviations: a.f. cub. articular facet for the cuboid; a.f. ect. articular facet for the ectocuneiform; a.f. mag. articular facet for the magnum; a.f. mes. articular facet for the mesocuneiform; a.f. Mt-II articular facet for the Mt-II; a.f. Mt-IV articular facet for the Mt-IV; and a.f. unc. articular facet for the unciform. The scale bar is 5 cm

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K4/119/7 is a moderately well-preserved right Mt-II (Figs. 2e–h and 3b, 3e); the proximal and distal parts of the bone are partially damaged. In proximal view, the articular facet for the mesocuneiform is damaged in its medial and posterolateral aspects. The outline of this articular facet seems to have been semi-ovate. In medial view, the surface of the bone is exfoliated, and the morphology cannot be assessed. In proximal view, the articular facet for the ectocuneiform is obliquely placed on the lateral side of the bone. In proximolateral view, the articular facet for the ectocuneiform is shaped as a gently concave articular stripe, but it is partially broken in its posterior part. Distally to the ectocuneiform facet, an articular facet for the Mt-III seems to have been present, but its size and shape cannot be accurately evaluated due to the poor state of preservation. The shaft of the bone features a sub-triangular cross section; its lateral aspect is considerably thicker than the medial one. The distal epiphysis is still attached to the specimen; however, there is a thin and partially continuous crack, which is partly filled with sediment that seems to slightly separate the distal epiphysis from the shaft. This could indicate a sub-adult age for the specimen; however, as the bone is quite fragmented and features numerous cracks, it is not possible to attribute with absolute certainty this specific crack to the suture which connects the distal epiphysis with the shaft. There is a strong possibility that the specimen belongs to a sub-adult individual, which was almost full-grown, and thereby, the dimensions of the bone would not have changed significantly during maturation. In anterior view, the proximal border of the articular surface for the proximal phalanx is convex. In posterior view, the medial and lateral articular facets for the respective sesamoid bones are poorly preserved; they seem to have been separated by a blunt sagittal keel. In medial view, the depression for the attachment of the medial collateral sesamoidean ligament is relatively small and very shallow; in lateral view, the corresponding depression for the lateral collateral sesamoidean ligament is larger and deeper. The bilateral protuberances of the distal end, which serve as attachment sites for the collateral ligaments of the fetlock joint, are weakly expressed.

K1/171 is a fairly complete left Mt-III (Figs. 2i–l and 3c, 3f), with a slightly damaged distal epiphysis. In medial view, the articular facet for the Mt-II is only partially preserved. In proximal view, the articular facet for the ectocuneiform is well-preserved and features a sub-trapezoidal outline. A narrow but well-defined articular stripe, located in between the articular facets for the ectocuneiform and the Mt-IV, represents a small dedicated articular facet for the cuboid. In lateral view, the articular facet for the Mt-IV is divided into two parts. The anterior part is partially broken, but it seems to have been sub-trapezoidal, whereas the posterior one is also somewhat damaged, but it features a sub-triangular outline. These two facets for the Mt-IV are connected by a narrow articular stripe. The shaft is anteroposteriorly somewhat flattened and has an almost elliptic shape. On the distal half of the bone, the articular head for the proximal phalanx is notably prominent with respect to the shaft. In posterior view, the medial and lateral articular facets for the respective sesamoid bones are separated by a low and blunt sagittal keel. The medial aspect of the distal end is damaged. In lateral view, the depression for the attachment of the lateral collateral sesamoidean ligament is deep. The lateral protuberance for the attachment of the corresponding collateral ligaments of the fetlock joint is bulbous and pronounced.

Remarks

The studied material (Figs. 2 and 3) belongs to a schizo-theriine chalicotheriid, as it exhibits several features that distinguish it from Turolian chalicotheriines. The metatarsals of chalicotheriines are much shorter and more robustly built with a stronger sagittal keel (Zapfe 1979), in contrast to the more elongated and slenderer metatarsals from Kerassia, which clearly resemble those of A. pentelicum (Gaudry 1862-67; Roussiakis and Theodorou 2001; Saraç et al. 2002; Giaourtsakis and Koufos 2009). The Mc-III from Kerassia has a characteristically flattened, strongly curved, and anteriorly concave shaft, typical of A. pentelicum (Schaub 1943; Roussiakis and Theodorou 2001; Coombs 2009). The Turolian age of the Kerassia fauna is in accordance with the known temporal and spatial range of A. pentelicum, which is the only schizotheriine that has been reported from the Turolian of the Eastern Mediterranean (Koufos 2012).

The material from Kerassia is morphologically similar to respective material from Pikermi, the type locality of A. pentelicum, but demonstrates some interesting variation regarding the size of the bones. Concerning K1/80, its measurable dimensions (Table 1) are similar to that of PG 59/519, a juvenile Mc-III from Pikermi (Roussiakis and Theodorou 2001), and significantly smaller than the adult specimens from the same locality. Specimen K1/171 belongs definitely to an adult individual, but it is smaller with respect to the known Mt-III specimens of A. pentelicum (Table 3); in particular, its length is smaller than any Mt-III assigned to this species thus far (Fig. 4). Both K1/80 and K1/171 come from the site K1.

Table 1 Measurements (in mm) of the Mc-III of Ancylotherium pentelicum (Gaudry and Lartet, 1856). Measurement abbreviations: 1, Lmax; 2, DTprox; 3, DAPprox; 4, DTdia; 5, DAPdia; 6, DTdistmax; 7, DTdist; 8, DAPdist
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Fig. 4
figure 4

Univariate plot of the maximal length (Lmax) of the Mt-II (red) and Mt-III (green) of Ancylotherium pentelicum. The values are based on specimens from the following localities (Tables 2 and 3): Pikermi, Samos (Greece), Salihpaşalar, Pinaryaka, Kemiklitepe (Turkey), and “Titov Veles” (North Macedonia) (Roussiakis and Theodorou 2001; Saraç et al. 2002; Giaourtsakis and Koufos 2009). The red rhombus represents the Mt-II from Kerassia 4 (K4/119/7). The green rhombus with a cross represents the Mt-III from Kerassia 1 (K1/171). The red and green squares represent the presumably associated Mt-II and Mt-III from Pikermi (PIK 3540). The red and green triangles represent the associated Mt-II and Mt-III from Kiro Kuchuk (MMNH-Sk KK 2733)

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In contrast to the Kerassia 1 specimens, specimen K4/119/7, which originates from the lower horizon of the locality, is, despite its potential sub-adult age, larger than any described Mt-II of this species from the Eastern Mediterranean. However, it has to be noted that only very few other specimens of Mt-II are known (Table 2). More specifically, only eight specimens, that belong to adult individuals, including K4/119/7, have been mentioned in the literature (Zapfe 1979; Sen 1994; Roussiakis and Theodorou 2001; Saraç et al. 2002; Spassov et al. 2018). From Pikermi, the type locality of A. pentelicum, only three Mt-IIs are known, one of which belongs to a juvenile individual (Roussiakis and Theodorou 2001). All available specimens are smaller than the specimen from Kerassia, especially in their length (Fig. 4).

Table 2 Measurements (in mm) of the Mt-II of Ancylotherium pentelicum (Gaudry and Lartet, 1856). Measurement abbreviations: 1, Lmax; 2, DTprox; 3, DAPprox; 4, DTdia; 5, DAPdia; 6, DTdistmax; 7, DTdist; 8, DAPdist
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Table 3 Measurements (in mm) of the Mt-III of Ancylotherium pentelicum (Gaudry and Lartet, 1856). Measurement abbreviations: 1, Lmax; 2, DTprox; 3, DAPprox; 4, DTdia; 5, DAPdia; 6, DTdistmax; 7, DTdist; 8, DAPdist
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The Mt-III from Kerassia (K1/171) can be easily distinguished from other schizotheriines, such as Moropus and Metaschizotherium (Coombs 1978, 2009; Fahlke and Coombs 2009), but it is morphologically almost indistinguishable from the Mt-IIIs of A. pentelicum. The presence of an articular facet for the cuboid, placed between the articular facet for the ectocuneiform and the articular facets for the Mt-IV, is a variable feature within the species. Giaourtsakis and Koufos (2009) mentioned its absence in two specimens from Samos and one specimen from Pikermi, while they reported its presence in another Mt-III from Pikermi. In the Mt-II, the outline of the articular facet for the mesocuneiform seems to be a variable feature within A. pentelicum. In two specimens from Pinaryaka (Turkey), one features a triangular outline, whereas the other one a circular outline (Saraç et al. 2002). In K4/119/7, this articular facet is somewhat damaged, but was probably semi-ovate.

Discussion

The existence of morphological and morphometrical variability within A. pentelicum has been frequently discussed (Saraç et al. 2002; Geraads et al. 2006; Giaourtsakis and Koufos 2009). Geraads et al. (2007) described a complete skull of A. pentelicum from the late Miocene of Thermopigi (Greece), which exhibits a characteristic inflation of the frontal bones. Another skull from Karaslari exhibits a similarly developed inflation of the frontal bones (Spassov et al. 2018). A similar cranial feature has been also observed in the schizotheriine Tylocephalonyx (Coombs 1979; Munthe and Coombs 1979). Unfortunately, attributing the skulls from Thermopigi and Karaslari to male individuals is not conclusive at the moment (Geraads et al. 2007), since a female skull of Ancylotherium, presumably lacking this feature, is not known.

Geraads et al. (2006) reported a notable morphological variability in the dental morphology of A. pentelicum from Bulgarian localities (Hadjidimovo and Kalimantsi). More specifically, the enamel folds in the teeth and the morphology of the cingula seem to vary significantly. In some specimens, a crochet and a crista can be present in the premolars, while other specimens lack these features; the shape and size of the P4 may also vary (Geraads et al. 2006).

On the proximal surface of the Mt-II, the shape of the articular facet for the mesocuneiform seems to be a variable feature within A. pentelicum. Saraç et al. (2002) described two specimens of Mt-II from the same locality (Pinaryaka, Turkey) with differently shaped articular facets for the mesocuneiform, one with a square outline (AAP-60) and the other one with a triangular outline (AAP-54). In K4/119/7, this articular facet is somewhat damaged, but was probably semi-ovate. The variable nature of this articular facet in chalicotheriines has also been discussed by Butler (1965) and Zapfe (1979). In addition, as discussed above, the presence of an articular facet for the cuboid on the Mt-III seems also to be variably expressed in some chalicotheres (Coombs 1979; Giaourtsakis and Koufos 2009). In the Mt-III from Kerassia (K1/171), a well-developed articular facet for the cuboid does exist, similar to one specimen from Pikermi (PG 95/551), whereas in another specimen from Pikermi (PG 95/515) and two specimens from Samos (MTLA-277 and MYT-64), this articular facet is potentially absent (Giaourtsakis and Koufos 2009). Another variable feature in the postcranium of A. pentelicum, seems to be the morphology of the proximal articular facets of the Mc-IV (Saraç et al. 2002; Schaub 1943). Also, the astragalus seems to preserve some degree of variation in its morphology (Geraads et al. 2001; Saraç et al. 2002; Zapfe 1979). These dental and postcranial morphological differences, however, are most probably associated with an anticipated individual variability and not sexual dimorphism, because they occur within individuals from the same localities.

The specimens from Kerassia originate from two different sites. Two specimens (K1/80 and K1/171) originate from the upper horizon and belong to small individuals, whereas specimen K4/119/7 originates from the lower horizon and represents a morphometrically larger individual. A notable size variation in the metapodial elements of A. pentelicum can be also observed in other localities, such as Pikermi (Roussiakis and Theodorou 2001), Salihpaşalar (Saraç et al. 2002), Akkașdağı (Saraç and Sen 2005), and Hadjidimovo (Geraads et al. 2006) (compare Fig. 4). The Mt-II (K4/119/7) and the Mt-III (K1/171) from Kerassia expand the size variability of the lengths of these metapodials (Fig. 4). However, a consistent linear trend of temporal or spatial decrease (or increase) in size cannot be observed within the known material of A. pentelicum from the Turolian localities of the Eastern Mediterranean. Therefore, the presumed small time interval between the two fossiliferous horizons of Kerassia (Iliopoulos 2003; Theodorou et al. 2003) may not indicate an evolutionary trend towards smaller size through time.

The intraspecific morphological and morphometrical variability observed in members of the family Chalicotheriidae has been previously discussed and evaluated. For instance, the well-sampled schizotheriine Moropus elatus from North America is known to display a significant sexual dimorphism (Coombs 1975). More specifically, based on the measurements provided by Coombs (1975, tab. 2), the greatest observed size difference in M. elatus is approximately 27.6% for the Mt-II (N = 7). In A. pentelicum, the respective size differences are comparable, with 24% for the Mt-II (N = 7) and 35.3% for the Mt-III (N = 9). The apparently smaller difference of 17.2% recorded for the Mt-III of M. elatus (N = 3) may be affected by the smaller sample size.

In general, such degree of intraspecific size variation is frequently associated with sexual dimorphism (Mallon 2017). Regarding the two metatarsals under consideration, the available material of the schizotheriine A. pentelicum shows a similar absolute range of metrical variation as the schizotheriine M. elatus. However, the segregation of two different size groups is currently not as clear (Fig. 4). The associated Mt-II and Mt-III of the articulated partial pes (MMNH-Sk KK 2733), which was discovered in situ at the locality of Kiro Kuchuk (Spassov et al. 2018, pl. 6, fig. 5), as well as the presumably associated Mt-II and Mt-III from Pikermi (PIK 3540; Gaudry 1862-67, pl. 20, fig. 3), suggest that the boundaries between male and female specimens of A. pentelicum cannot be presently determined (Fig. 4). The notable size variation may thus be considered as indicative of sexual dimorphism, but a potential overlapping between male and female specimens may possibly occur. Another hypothesis would be the existence of a second Ancylotherium species in the Turolian of the Eastern Mediterranean, potentially with different metapodial proportions. Although, some dental features vary within A. pentelicum, no clear trend can be identified that would justify its split into different species or subspecies. Furthermore, if this dental variability was considered to have taxonomic importance, this would imply the existence of two Ancylotherium species in the same locality (e.g. Pikermi), which is very unlikely. Therefore, due to the lack of any significant craniodental and postcranial morphological features, this latter hypothesis cannot be presently supported. The attribution of these biometrical differences observed in the metapodials of A. pentelicum to sexual dimorphism, potentially with some overlapping between male and female individuals, seems thus to represent the most likely option, given the fact that similar dimorphism has been already established for several other chalicotheriine and schizotheriine taxa (Coombs 1975, 1979).

Conclusions

The occurrence of the schizotheriine chalicotheriid Ancylo-therium pentelicum (Gaudry and Lartet, 1856) has been firmly recognised in both fossiliferous horizons of Kerassia, based on three metapodials. The morphometrical and morphological features observed in these specimens allow a discussion of the potential intraspecific variability observed in the known metapodials of A. pentelicum. This issue has been previously discussed, but without any decisive conclusions. The present comparison of several metapodial elements of A. pentelicum from different late Miocene localities of the Eastern Mediterranean supports the existence of a notable intraspecific variability, primarily in size. This size variability most probably represents a strong sexual dimorphism, which has been also observed in several other chalicotheriine and schizotheriine taxa.