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Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Duplex (Ca,Mn)S Inclusions in Commercial Ca-Treated Resulfurized Steel

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Abstract

In this paper, in order to identify the formation mechanism of duplex (Ca,Mn)S inclusions in steel, based on the two heats of commercial Ca-treated resulfurized steel, the characteristics of duplex (Ca,Mn)S inclusions in bars, blooms and CaO-Al2O3 oxides in molten steel were observed and analyzed. The results indicate that there are three types of duplex (Ca,Mn)S inclusions in steel. The first type with over 20% Ca in (Ca,Mn)S is named as “Type-C”, the second with 4–20% Ca in (Ca,Mn)S is named as “Type-MC” and the third with below 4% Ca in (Ca,Mn)S is named as “Type-M”. Their core oxides are mainly Ca-Mg–Al-O oxides. The aspect ratios of duplex (Ca,Mn)S inclusions in bars decrease as Ca content in (Ca,Mn)S increases. From Type-M to Type-C, CaO content in core oxides increases, and Ca content in wrapping (Ca,Mn)S increases. The shape of duplex (Ca,Mn)S inclusions can be controlled through controlling CaO content in core oxides. During solidification, CaO-Al2O3 oxides become as heterogeneous nucleation cores of MnS inclusions, duplex (Ca,Mn)S inclusions forming in this way, and Ca in wrapping (Ca,Mn)S come from CaO in core oxides. The higher CaO content in core oxides, the higher Ca content in wrapping (Ca,Mn)S. Under the condition with specific Ca/S ratio in steel, to obtain more duplex (Ca,Mn)S inclusions, numbers of Type-C should be decreased, and numbers of Type-MC and Type-M should be increased. To achieve this goal, the key is to obtain larger numbers of CaO-Al2O3 oxides with lower CaO and smaller sizes in molten steel.

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Acknowledgements

The authors were grateful for support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51874034). The authors also appreciate the Shaoguan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. for the technical help.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China

    Yao Li & Guoguang Cheng

  2. Baowu Group Guangdong Shaoguan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd, Shaoguan, Guangdong, 512123, People’s Republic of China

    Jinlong Lu & Hu Long

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  1. Yao Li
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  2. Guoguang Cheng
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  3. Jinlong Lu
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  4. Hu Long
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Correspondence to Guoguang Cheng.

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Li, Y., Cheng, G., Lu, J. et al. Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Duplex (Ca,Mn)S Inclusions in Commercial Ca-Treated Resulfurized Steel. Met. Mater. Int. 29, 1019–1033 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-022-01290-w

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