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Being “elite” among Goths: multi-proxy analysis of a Roman period cremation princely grave from Czarnówko (Pomerania, North Poland)

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Abstract

Interactions with the Roman Empire presumably enhanced social differentiation and caused the emergence of an elite class among Gothic communities in present-day northern Poland (Pomerania) in the first centuries AD. Arguably, the process is documented archaeologically by the presence of exceptional burials, richly furnished with imported artefacts. Such features were discovered at the Wielbark culture cemetery in Czarnówko, however, due to poor preservation neither their infills nor the interred human remains have previously been fully examined. We studied (by means of osteological, Sr isotope, anthracological and soil analyses) a newly-found, well-preserved cremation grave in order to assess (1) the biological profile, geographical origin and mobility of the buried individual, (2) details of the multi-stage funerary practice, and (3) the formation of the grave-pit infill. Most probably, the grave belonged to a senilis woman who was born and spent her final years in Pomerania, seemingly living in good health. Except for outstanding grave goods, her funeral reassembled other Wielbark culture cremation interments: the body was burned shortly after death on a birch-wood pyre, together with single artefacts, at high temperatures, with good oxygen supply, until the calcination of bones. The burned remains were separated from the pyre debris and randomly deposited in the urn. The vessel was placed at the bottom of a pit and covered with sand containing charcoals. Subsequently, the grave was re-opened and backfilled once again. This singular cremation burial reflects the idea of “eliteness” in the local Gothic community – Roman-influenced but rooted in Wielbark culture traditions. However, to address the issue of social stratification comprehensively, similar research focused on graves of “common people” is required.

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Acknowledgements

This research (osteological, Sr isotopes and soil analyses) was financially supported by the National Science Center, Poland (grant no. 2019/35/N/HS3/02993). The excavation at Czarnówko in 2021 was funded by the Pomeranian Heritage Protection Office and directed by Agnieszka Krzysiak (Museum in Lębork), supported by Maciej Marczewski and Marta Marczewska (Glesum Archaeological Company) – we thank them for their generous cooperation. We also express our gratitude to Mariola Pruska and Mateusz Górski (Museum in Lębork), as well as Jan Schuster (University of Łódź), Cezary Kabała (Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences) and Monika Badura (University of Gdańsk) for their valuable assistance. Many thanks to Simon Davis (Archaeosciences Laboratory) for identification of faunal burned remains. We are also grateful to two anonymous reviewers for insightful comments that improved the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Science Center, Poland (grant no. 2019/35/N/HS3/02993).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland

    Bogumiła Wolska

  2. Archaeosciences Laboratory, Cultural Heritage IP (LARC/CIBIO/InBIO), Lisbon, Portugal

    David Gonçalves

  3. Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

    David Gonçalves

  4. Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

    David Gonçalves

  5. Institute of Soil Science, Plant Nutrition and Environmental Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland

    Michał Dudek & Mateusz Krupski

  6. Laboratory of Palaeoecology and Archaeobotany, Department of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdansk, Poland

    Jan Marjak

  7. Isotope Research Unit, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland

    Zdzislaw Belka

Authors
  1. Bogumiła Wolska
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  2. David Gonçalves
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  3. Michał Dudek
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  4. Mateusz Krupski
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  5. Jan Marjak
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  6. Zdzislaw Belka
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Bogumiła Wolska; Funding acquisition: Bogumiła Wolska; Methodology: Bogumiła Wolska, David Gonçalves, Michał Dudek, Mateusz Krupski; Resources: Bogumiła Wolska, David Gonçalves, Michał Dudek, Mateusz Krupski, Jan Marjak, Zdzislaw Belka; Investigation and Formal analysis: Bogumiła Wolska, David Gonçalves, Michał Dudek, Mateusz Krupski, Jan Marjak, Zdzislaw Belka; Visualization: Bogumiła Wolska, Michał Dudek, Mateusz Krupski; Data curation: Bogumiła Wolska; Project administration: Bogumiła Wolska; Writing – original draft: Bogumiła Wolska, David Gonçalves, Michał Dudek, Mateusz Krupski, Jan Marjak, Zdzislaw Belka; Writing – review and editing: Bogumiła Wolska, David Gonçalves, Michał Dudek, Mateusz Krupski, Jan Marjak, Zdzislaw Belka. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Bogumiła Wolska.

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Wolska, B., Gonçalves, D., Dudek, M. et al. Being “elite” among Goths: multi-proxy analysis of a Roman period cremation princely grave from Czarnówko (Pomerania, North Poland). Archaeol Anthropol Sci 16, 67 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-024-01975-w

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