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Modelling prehistoric settlement activities based on surface and subsurface surveys

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Abstract

This study resumes our research into variations in settlement patterns from the Neolithic to the Migration Period (5600 BC–570 AD). After using a large dataset of less precisely localized finds from the Czech Republic, we now examine data from large-scale surface surveys. The higher spatial precision allows us to analyse settlement activities in terms of quantity, size, duration, continuity, stability and degree of complexity. First, we analysed the data using descriptive methods regarding its spatial structure, dating and environmental setting. We assessed the possibility of integrating data from surface and subsurface research. In the second stage, we reconstructed possible configurations of habitation areas and their adjacent primary production areas (settlement cores) and chronologically ordered the finds using algorithmic modelling. A more detailed phasing transcending the chronological resolution of the data was achieved by using mutual spatial exclusion of settlement cores as a chronological marker. The resulting ordering was then analysed using probabilistic methods. The results portray the intensity of settlement activities during various periods as well as changes in their structural organization. The observed patterns suggest higher-order social organization starting in the Early Bronze Age, culminating in the Final Bronze Age followed by a gradual decline. In later periods, we observe hot spots in the landscape with stable habitation over hundreds of years. The method used is widely applicable for all periods of agricultural prehistory regardless of region. Original data and an example implementation of the method are available as supplementary material and online at https://github.com/demjanp/chrono_spatial_modelling.

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Acknowledgements

Access to computing and storage facilities owned by parties and projects contributing to the National Grid Infrastructure MetaCentrum provided under the programme ‘Projects of Large Research, Development, and Innovations Infrastructures’ (CESNET LM2015042) is greatly appreciated. The authors are especially grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their suggestions which greatly improved the manuscript. Special thanks also go to all collectors and contributors of the AMCR. Further to Jan Kolář and Martin Kuna for useful comments, Martin Kuna for the provision of data from his projects, Jiří Mareš for inspiring ideas, Čeněk Čišecký for his help in preparing the raw data, and Jiří Fröhlich and Miloslav Slabina for determination of the substantial part of pottery fragments.

Funding

This work was funded by the CSF (GACR), grant no. 17-17909S.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Information Sources and Landscape Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology of the CAS, Prague, Letenská 4, 118 01, Praha, Czech Republic

    Dagmar Dreslerová & Peter Demján

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  1. Dagmar Dreslerová
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  2. Peter Demján
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Correspondence to Dagmar Dreslerová.

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Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

Field walking and AMCR data covering the ALRNB region. (PDF 2275 kb)

ESM 2

Field walking and AMCR data covering the PCL region. (PDF 3446 kb)

ESM 3

Field walking and AMCR data covering the LDC region. (PDF 623 kb)

ESM 4

Example implementation of the algorithmic model and all analytical steps performed on the resulting solutions. Contains the original and example datasets. (RAR 21696 kb)

ESM 5

Temporal distributions of evidence from all datasets. (PDF 155 kb)

ESM 6

Continuity of cultures. (PDF 24 kb)

ESM 7

Continuity of settlements. (PDF 24 kb)

ESM 8

Distribution of cluster sizes by culture for AMCR. (XLSX 10 kb)

ESM 9

Distribution of soil productivity by culture for Field walking data from the ALRNB region. (PDF 85 kb)

ESM 10

Distribution of soil productivity by culture for Field walking data from the LDC region. (PDF 78 kb)

ESM 11

Distribution of soil productivity by culture for Field walking data from the PCL region. (PDF 65 kb)

ESM 12

Changes in amount of modelled habitation areas over time. (PDF 718 kb)

ESM 13

Changes in average size of modelled habitation areas over time. (PDF 727 kb)

ESM 14

Distribution of sizes of modelled habitation areas for the 70 ha model. (XLSX 10 kb)

ESM 15

Changes in duration of modelled phases over time. (PDF 153 kb)

ESM 16

Changes in stability of modelled habitation areas over time. (PDF 745 kb)

ESM 17

Spatial distribution maps of HSI for the ALRNB region. (PDF 3600 kb)

ESM 18

Spatial distribution maps of HSI for the LDC region. (PDF 552 kb)

ESM 19

Spatial distribution maps of HSI for the PCL region. (PDF 997 kb)

ESM 20

Probability maps of settlement area cores for the ALRNB region. (PDF 82468 kb)

ESM 21

Probability maps of settlement area cores for the LDC region. (PDF 2817 kb)

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Probability maps of settlement area cores for the PCL region. (PDF 12869 kb)

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Probability maps of habitation areas for the ALRNB region. (PDF 3994 kb)

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Probability maps of habitation areas for the LDC region. (PDF 575 kb)

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Probability maps of habitation areas for the PCL region. (PDF 1026 kb)

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Dreslerová, D., Demján, P. Modelling prehistoric settlement activities based on surface and subsurface surveys. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 11, 5513–5537 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00884-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00884-7

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