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A comparison assessment of trace and rare earth elements concentration and associated health risk in groundwater from northcentral and southeastern Nigeria

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Abstract

The present study assesses the pollution load of groundwater with reference to the trace and rare earth elements (REEs) and the potential health risk by its consumption for the residents of three distinct geological areas underlain by rocks of Quaternary (area 1), Cretaceous (area 2), and Precambrian, areas 3A and 3B in southeastern (SEN) and northcentral (NCN) Nigeria respectively. For this, 75 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physical parameters including hydrogen ion concentration (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS), trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn), and REEs. The pH varied from acidic to alkaline, with EC (6–1270 μS/cm) and TDS (8–922 mg/l) below guideline values. Concentration of Al (16.78–3716 μg/l), Ba (7.83–730.8 μg/l), Fe (33.72–1192.5 μg/l), and Mn (3.58–1192.0 μg/l) in some locations were higher than their respective guideline values. REEs (0.05–26.42 μg/l) PAAS normalized values showed negative Ce and positive Eu patterns with minor variations to positive Ce and flat patterns. Geochemical analysis of the groundwater samples showed that areas 1, 2, and 3A were severely contaminated with Al, while area 3B was contaminated with Fe. Multivariate analysis indicated that elements in groundwater were contaminated mainly through natural (Al, As, Ba, Fe, Mn, Ni, REE) as well as anthropogenic (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, V, and Zn) sources, degree of contamination (Cd), trace element pollution index (TEPI), and trace element evaluation index (TEEI) for the different areas for most groundwater samples were below critical values, indicating low pollution. However, rare earth element evaluation index (REEEI) showed various level of pollution in the different areas, in the order 3A > 1 > 2 > 3B. For the majority of groundwater samples across the different areas, non-carcinogenic health risk was not observed as the hazard quotient (HQ) values were less than unity, except for Al. The hazard index (HI) values were higher than unity for all areas and age groups (1.60–754.61) due to Al, indicating unacceptable non-carcinogenic health risk. The total carcinogenic risk (CRTOTAL) values were ranged 1.10E-04 to 6.21E-03 for all areas and age groups, suggesting that the CRTOTAL values were at unacceptable level of 1.00E-04 for sum of all PHEs. The order was Cd > Ni > As > Cr > Pb. In all cases, higher values of HI and CR were obtained for children compared to adults and infants in the entire study area, which means that children are more susceptible to health impairment.

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(Adapted from Moumouni et al. 2007)

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Acknowledgements

Alexander von Humboldt, Bonn, for fellowship to AE during part of this work in Freiberg, Germany. Prof BJ Merkel, my host at the University of Freiberg and putting the facilities of the institute at my disposal.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

    Ebenezer Agayina Kudamnya

  2. Department of Geoscience, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

    Aniekan Edet

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  1. Ebenezer Agayina Kudamnya
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Responsible Editor: Amjad Kallel

Aniekan Edet is formerly affiliated with Department of Geology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

Highlights

Distribution, concentration, and source of trace and rare earth elements in groundwater.

Comparison of recent and historical data.

Assessment of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk.

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Kudamnya, E.A., Edet, A. A comparison assessment of trace and rare earth elements concentration and associated health risk in groundwater from northcentral and southeastern Nigeria. Arab J Geosci 17, 86 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-024-11891-x

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