Abstract
Pile groups are commonly used in geotechnical engineering construction; thus, understanding the response of a pile group located near a soil slope is of practical value to structural design. The purpose of this study was to analyze the response of pile groups located in soil slopes with regard to axial load capacity, settlement, and horizontal displacement. For this purpose, a large-scale test setup (1.8 m × 0.90 m × 0.90 m) was developed. A series of physical modelling tests were performed to investigate the effects of the distance of the pile group from the slope crest, a square pile-group configuration, the pile-group direction (parallel or vertical direction relative to the slope direction), and the pile spacing on the axial loading response of the pile group. The results showed that the vertical bearing capacity and horizontal displacement of a pile group near sloping ground approached that of level ground and the zero, respectively, as the edge-to-slope crest distance increased. The reduction factor of the square pile groups increased with an increase in the pile spacing from 3 to 5 dp. The axial load capacity of the pile group increased with an increase in the number of piles in the group from 4 to 9. The horizontal displacement of the pile group towards the slope face increased as the distance from the slope crest and the pile spacing decreased. The response of the linear pile group located on the soil slope was dependent on the pile group direction relative to the slope direction.
Responsible Editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdrabbo FM, El-Wakil AZ (2015) Behavior of pile group incorporating dissimilar pile embedded into sand. Alexandria Eng J 54:175–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2014.11.001
Ai ZY, Han J (2009) Boundary element analysis of axially loaded piles embedded in a multi-layered soil. Comput Geotech 36:427–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.06.001
Al-Mhaidib AI (2006) Experimental investigation of the behavior of pile groups in sand under different loading rates. Geotech Geol Eng 24:889–902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-005-7466-8
Al-Omari RR, Fattah MY, Kallawi AM (2019) Laboratory study on load carrying capacity of pile group in unsaturated clay. Arab J Sci Eng 44:4613–4627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3483-9
Ashour M, Ardalan H (2012) Analysis of pile stabilized slopes based on soil-pile interaction. Comput Geotech 39:85–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.09.001
Bharathi M, Dubey RN, Shukla SK (2019) Experimental investigation of vertical and batter pile groups subjected to dynamic loads. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 116:107–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.10.012
Bian X, Liang Y, Zhao C et al (2020) Centrifuge testing and numerical modeling of single pile and long-pile groups adjacent to surcharge loads in silt soil. Transp Geotech 25:100399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100399
Brandenberg SJ, Boulanger RW, Kutter BL, Chang D (2007) Static pushover analyses of pile groups in liquefied and laterally spreading ground in centrifuge tests. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 133:1055–1066. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2007)133:9(1055)
Chae KS, Ugai K, Wakai A (2004) Lateral resistance of short single piles and pile groups located near slopes. Int J Geomech 4:93–103. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1532-3641(2004)4:2(93)
Choi YS, Lee J, Prezzi M, Salgado R (2017) Response of pile groups driven in sand subjected to combined loads. Geotech Geol Eng 35:1587–1604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0194-z
Comodromos EM, Anagnostopoulos CT, Georgiadis MK (2003) Numerical assessment of axial pile group response based on load test. Comput Geotech 30:505–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(03)00017-X
Deendayal R, Muthukkumaran K, Sitharam TG (2020) Analysis of laterally loaded group of piles located on sloping ground. Int J Geotech Eng 14:580–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2018.1448521
Deng G, Zhang J, Wu W et al (2014) Soil-pile interaction in the pile vertical vibration based on fictitious soil-pile model. J Appl Math 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/905194
Ellis EA, Durrani IK, Reddish DJ (2010) Numerical modelling of discrete pile rows for slope stability and generic guidance for design. Geotechnique 60:185–195. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.7.00090
Eslami A, Tajvidi I, Karimpour-Fard M (2014) Efficiency of methods for determining pile axial capacity-applied to 70 cases histories in Persian Gulf northern shore. Int J Civ Eng 12:45–54
Fang T, Huang M, Tang K (2020) Cross-section piles in transparent soil under different dimensional conditions subjected to vertical load: an experimental study. Arab J Geosci 13:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06136-6
Fateh AMA, Eslami A, Fahimifar A (2018) A study of the axial load behaviour of helical piles in sand by frustum confining vessel. Int J Phys Model Geotech 18:175–190. https://doi.org/10.1680/jphmg.16.00007
Franza A, Marshall AM, Jimenez R (2021) Non-linear soil–pile interaction induced by ground settlements: Pile displacements and internal forces. Geotechnique 71:239–249. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.19.P.078
Georgiadis K, Georgiadis M (2010) Undrained lateral pile response in sloping ground. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 136:1489–1500. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000373
Georgiadis K, Georgiadis M (2012) Development of p-y curves for undrained response of piles near slopes. Comput Geotech 40:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.09.005
Gong W, Tang H, Juang CH, Wang L (2020) Optimization design of stabilizing piles in slopes considering spatial variability. Acta Geotech 15:3243–3259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-020-00960-6
Gu L, Wang Z, Huang Q et al (2020) Numerical investigation into ground treatment to mitigate the permanent train-induced deformation of pile-raft-soft soil system. Transp Geotech 24:100368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100368
Huang A-B, Hsueh C-K, O’Neill MW et al (2001) Effects of construction on laterally loaded pile groups. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 127:385–397. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2001)127:5(385)
Hyodo J, Tamari Y, Sone A et al (2020) A simplified method to consider the pile of insufficient length to obtain the support from bearing stratum. J Asian Archit Build Eng 19:626–636. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2020.1764847
Iai S (1989) Similitude for shaking table tests on soil-structure-fluid model in 1g gravitational field. Soils Found 29:105–118. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.29.105
Ilyas T, Leung CF, Chow YK, Budi SS (2004) Centrifuge model study of laterally loaded pile groups in clay. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 130:274–283. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2004)130:3(274)
Isbuga V (2020) Modeling of pile-soil-pile interaction in laterally loaded pile groups embedded in linear elastic soil layers. Arab J Geosci 13:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-5229-8
Jebur AA, Atherton W, Alkhadar RM, Loffill E (2017) Piles in sandy soil: a numerical study and experimental validation. Procedia Eng 196:60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.173
Jesmani M, Kasrania A, Kamalzare M (2018) Finite element modelling of undrained vertical bearing capacity of piles adjacent to different types of clayey slopes. Int J Geotech Eng 12:146–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2016.1254398
Kavitha PE, Beena KS, Narayanan KP (2016) A review on soil–structure interaction analysis of laterally loaded piles. Innov Infrastruct Solut 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-016-0015-x
Khati BS, Sawant VA (2020) Comparison of lateral response of pile group in series and parallel arrangement near sloping ground. Int J Geotech Eng 14:686–695. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2019.1617478
Kourkoulis R, Gelagoti F, Anastasopoulos I, Gazetas G (2011) Slope stabilizing piles and pile-groups: parametric study and design insights. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 137:663–677. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000479
Kranthikumar A, Jakka RS (2020) Effect of edge distance on lateral capacity of piles in cohesionless soil slopes. Indian Geotech J 50:925–934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-020-00445-z
Ladd R (1978) Preparing test specimens using undercompaction. Geotech Test J 1:16. https://doi.org/10.1520/gtj10364j
Lee SH, Chung CK (2005) An experimental study of the interaction of vertically loaded pile groups in sand. Can Geotech J 42:1485–1493. https://doi.org/10.1139/t05-068
Li F, Han J, Lin C (2013) Effect of scour on the behavior of laterally loaded single piles in marine clay. Mar Georesources Geotechnol 31:271–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2012.676157
Li X, He S, Luo Y, Wu Y (2011) Numerical studies of the position of piles in slope stabilization. Geomech Geoengin 6:209–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2011.578668
Mallick M, Raychowdhury P (2015) Seismic analysis of highway skew bridges with nonlinear soil-pile interaction. Transp Geotech 3:36–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2015.03.002
Mezazigh S, Levacher D (1998) Laterally loaded piles in sand: slope effect on P-Y reaction curves. Can Geotech J 35:433–441. https://doi.org/10.1139/t98-016
Modarresi M, Rasouli H, Ghalesari AT, Baziar MH (2016) Experimental and numerical study of pile-to-pile interaction factor in sandy soil. In: Procedia Engineering. Elsevier Ltd, pp 1030–1036
Motamed R, Sesov V, Towhata I, Anh NT (2010) Experimental modeling of large pile groups in sloping ground subjected to liquefaction-induced lateral flow: 1-g shaking table tests. Soils Found 50:261–279. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.50.261
Nunez IL, Hoadley PJ, Randolph MF, Hulett JM (1987) Driving and tension loading of piles in sand on a centrifuge. In: Cambridge University, Engineering Department, (Technical Report) CUED/D-Soils. pp 353–62
Ong DEL, Leung CF, Chow YK, Ng TG (2015) Severe damage of a pile group due to slope failure. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 141:04015014. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001294
Patra NR, Pise PJ (2001) Ultimate lateral resistance of pile groups in sand. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 127:481–487. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2001)127:6(481)
Peng W, Zhao M, Zhao H, Yang C (2020) A two-pile foundation model in sloping ground by finite beam element method. Comput Geotech 122:103503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103503
Qin CB, Chian SC, Wang CY (2017) Kinematic analysis of pile behavior for improvement of slope stability in fractured and saturated Hoek-Brown rock masses. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 41:803–827. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2575
Rao SN, Ramakrishna VGST, Rao MB (1998) Influence of rigidity on laterally loaded pile groups in marine clay. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 124:542–549. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(1998)124:6(542)
Reul O, Randolph MF (2003) Piled rafts in overconsolidated clay: comparison of in situ measurements and numerical analyses. Geotechnique 53:301–315. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.3.301
Robertson PK, Campanella RG, Brown PT et al (1985) Design of axially and laterally loaded piles using in situ tests: a case history. Can Geotech J 22:518–527. https://doi.org/10.1139/t85-072
Rollins KM, Gerber TM, Lane JD, Ashford SA (2005) Lateral resistance of a full-scale pile group in liquefied sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 131:115–125. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2005)131:1(115)
Rollins KM, Sparks A (2002) Lateral resistance of full-scale pile cap with gravel backfill. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 128:711–723. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2002)128:9(711)
Rollins KM, Sparks AE, Peterson KT (2000) Lateral load capacity and passive resistance of full-scale pile group and cap. Transp Res Rec 1736:24–32. https://doi.org/10.3141/1736-04
Sakr MA, Azzam WR, Wahba MA (2020) Model study on the performance of single-finned piles in clay under lateral load. Arab J Geosci 13:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-5068-7
Sales MM, Prezzi M, Salgado R et al (2017) Load-settlement behaviour of model pile groups in sand under vertical load. J Civ Eng Manag 23:1148–1163. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2017.1396559
Sedran G, Stolle DFE, Horvath RG (2001) An investigation of scaling and dimensional analysis of axially loaded piles. Can Geotech J 38:530–541. https://doi.org/10.1139/t00-122
Shahin MA (2014) Load-settlement modeling of axially loaded steel driven piles using CPT-based recurrent neural networks. Soils Found 54:515–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.04.015
Shakeel M, Ng CWW (2018) Settlement and load transfer mechanism of a pile group adjacent to a deep excavation in soft clay. Comput Geotech 96:55–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.10.010
Sharafkhah M, Shooshpasha I (2018) Physical modeling of behaviors of cast-in-place concrete piled raft compared to free-standing pile group in sand. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 10:703–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.12.007
Shooshpasha I, Amirdehi HA (2015) Evaluating the stability of slope reinforced with one row of free head piles. Arab J Geosci 8:2131–2141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1272-7
Subanantharaj Palammal J, Senthilkumar PK (2018) Behavioural analysis of vertical and batter pile groups under vertical and lateral loading in sand. Arab J Geosci 11:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-4032-2
Vu AT, Matsumoto T, Kobayashi SI, Nguyen TL (2018) Model load tests on battered pile foundations and finite-element analysis. Int J Phys Model Geotech 18:33–54. https://doi.org/10.1680/jphmg.16.00010
Xiang B, Zhang LM, Zhou L-R et al (2015) Field lateral load tests on slope-stabilization grouted pipe pile groups. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 141:04014124. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001220
Yang S, Ren X, Zhang J (2011) Study on embedded length of piles for slope reinforced with one row of piles. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 3:167–178. https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1235.2011.00167
Zhang LM, McVay MC, Han SJ et al (2002) Effects of dead loads on the lateral response of battered pile groups. Can Geotech J 39:561–575. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-008
Zhang QQ, Zhang SM, Liang FY et al (2015) Some observations of the influence factors on the response of pile groups. KSCE J Civ Eng 19:1667–1674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-014-1550-7
Zhang S, Wei Y, Cheng X et al (2020) Centrifuge modeling of batter pile foundations in laterally spreading soil. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 135:106166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106166
Zhu M, Zhang Y, Gong W et al (2017) Generalized solutions for axially and laterally loaded piles in multilayered soil deposits with transfer matrix method. Int J Geomech 17:04016104. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0000800
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mohammad Alinejad, R., Bayat, M., Nadi, B. et al. Response of pile group adjacent to a slope crest under static axial loading. Arab J Geosci 14, 2661 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-09123-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-09123-7