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Spatio-temporal trends and climatology of atmospheric chlorinated hydrocarbons over Pakistan

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Abstract

Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CH) are emitted into the atmosphere by different anthropogenic activities and natural process, which could contribute to global warming and rapid melting of glaciers and cause serious health hazards. The objective of this research was to figure out the spatio-temporal distribution of CH concentration and the influence of climatic variables on CH concentration over Pakistan. Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CH) data was collected from the GEIA Database emissions dataset. The results indicated that CH were significantly distributed over Pakistan in different seasons. Highest concentration of CH was recorded in winter and autumn seasons as compared to the spring and summer seasons. The concentration of CH was maximum in winter season as compared to the other seasons. Spatial analysis indicated that CH concentration (1–1.2 kg/m2/s) was higher in the Punjab Province (Lahore, Rawalpindi, Gujrat, Sialkot, and Multan) as compared to the other Provinces, suggesting it could be due to high transport and industries in the region. Surface temperature and specific humidity showed significant positive correlation with CH across the Pakistan. Rainfall showed positive correlation with CH at the south part during spring and autumn seasons while on the north part of Pakistan during summer and winter seasons.The results suggest that CH could cause climate change through radiative forcing or climate forcing in Pakistan. Waste sector and solvent sector (30%) revealed higher level of CH during 2000. This study demonstrates the changing of climatic conditions in different seasons generate a special circumstance for accumulation and transportation of CH in Pakistan.

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Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Higher Education Commission of Pakistan NRPU projects 7958 and 7964. Furthermore, thanks to Pakistan Science Foundation project PSF/Res/CP/C-CUI/Envr (151) and Pakistan Academy of Sciences. The authors are grateful to GEIA for providing the data.

Funding

This research was supported by the Key Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41631175). Special thanks to Higher Education Commission of Pakistan NRPU projects 7958 and 7964. Furthermore, thanks to Pakistan Science Foundation project PSF/Res/CP/C-CUI/Envr (151) and Pakistan Academy of Sciences. The authors are grateful to GEIA for providing the data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China

    Ahmad Hasnain, Yong Zha, Yufeng He & Yehua Sheng

  2. School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China

    Ahmad Hasnain, Yong Zha, Yufeng He & Yehua Sheng

  3. Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information, Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China

    Ahmad Hasnain, Yong Zha, Yufeng He & Yehua Sheng

  4. Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi

  5. Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Fatima Rahim

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  1. Ahmad Hasnain
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Correspondence to Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi.

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Responsible Editor: Zhihua Zhang

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Hasnain, A., Zha, Y., Hashmi, M.Z. et al. Spatio-temporal trends and climatology of atmospheric chlorinated hydrocarbons over Pakistan. Arab J Geosci 14, 1453 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07809-6

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