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Concentration, sources, and inhalation-based risk assessment of PM2.5-bound PAHs and trace elements in ambient air of areas with low and high traffic density in Tehran

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Abstract

In the current work, the concentration, sources, and inhalation-based risk assessment of PM2.5-bound PAHs and heavy metals was assessed in ambient air of areas with low and high traffic density in Tehran, Iran. To this end, a total of 64 air samples—28 samples in low and moderate traffic areas (LTA), and 32 samples in high traffic areas (HTA))—were taken from March 2018 to March 2019 during warm and cold seasons and analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to determination of PAHs and metals, respectively. The findings showed that the mean concentration of PM2.5, PAHs, and heavy metals were 61.08 ± 8.69 μg/m3, 28.69 ± 20.14, and 15,392.7 ± 20,073.0 ng/m3 in the low traffic areas, and 83.00 ± 9.7 μg/m3, 41.1 ± 29.6, and 19,378.2 ± 20,038.0 ng/m3 in the high traffic areas, respectively. Furthermore, the concentration of pollutants in cold season was significantly higher than those of warm season (p < 0.05). The results of source apportionment using Unmix.6 model indicated that 41.1% of PAHs is emitted through industrial activities and diesel vehicles, which are followed by traffic and transportation sources (34.2%) as well as burning coal and heating devices (26.3%). Additionally, risk assessment showed that the risk values of carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity resulting from PM2.5-bound PAHs and metal had exceeded the recommended safe limit by EPA.

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Acknowledgements

The authors also would like to thank the Environmental and Occupational Health Center of Iran, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.

Funding

The authors received financial and technical support (Grant No. 31563) for this research from the Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ramin Maleki, Zahra Asadgol, Majid Kermani, Ahmad Jonidi Jafari & Mitra Gholami

  2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ramin Maleki, Zahra Asadgol, Majid Kermani, Ahmad Jonidi Jafari, Soudabeh Ghodsi & Mitra Gholami

  3. Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran

    Hossein Arfaeinia

  4. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran

    Hossein Arfaeinia

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Maleki, R., Asadgol, Z., Kermani, M. et al. Concentration, sources, and inhalation-based risk assessment of PM2.5-bound PAHs and trace elements in ambient air of areas with low and high traffic density in Tehran. Arab J Geosci 14, 855 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07056-9

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