Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Study of structural, deformation temperature, and strain analysis of the quartzarenites of south-central Kaladgi basin, exposed at and around Mullur ghat and Kallur village of Belgaum district, Karnataka, India

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Arabian Journal of Geosciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Kaladgi rocks are magnificently exposed in Belgaum district of Karnataka state, with adjacent to Maharashtra, the Kaladgi Basin, evolved as a consequence of crustal extension which are resting on the basement of the Archaean Gneisses and are also overlaid by Deccan Traps. The outcrops in the present study area have very well-exposed quartzarenites of south-central part of Kaladgi Basin. New meso- and microscale structural analyses indicate that Kaladgi rocks suffered at least two episodes of deformation preserved in ductile and ductile-brittle structures. Finite strain analyses of the XZ and YZ sections on the collected samples from the Kaladgi basin show pure flattening strain pattern on Hsu and Flinn diagram. This simple flattening strain is attributed due to the sedimentation or lithological loading in the basin. This study area traversed by 3 transverse faults, namely F1, F2, and F3 through K-1, K-5, and M-4 locations, respectively. Finite strain analyses show high strain value in XZ section along the faults as F1 show 1.32 to 1.44, F2 has 2.3 to 1.45, and F3 reflect 1.57 Rs values. Deformation temperature based on the microstructures has high value along the faults as 400 to 500°C; however, rest of the area show low temperature deformation <300°C. This study brings new insights on deformation structures in field and under a microscope.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baily JE, Hirsch PB (1962) The recrystallization process in some polycrystalline metals. Proc R Soc Lond A 267:11–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borges FS, White SH (1980) Microstructural and chemical studies of sheared anorthosites, Roneval, South Harris. J Struct Geol 2:273–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bose PK, Sarkar S, Mukhopadhyay S, Saha B, Eriksson P (2008) Precambrian basin margin fan deposits: Mesoproterozoic Bagalkot group, India. Precambrian Res 162:264–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaki A, Pandit SA, Achar KK (1999) An appraisal of uranium exploration in Kaladgi. In: Badami and Bhima basins in Karnataka and identification of potential targets for uranium exploration by geophysical methods in workshop on exploration geophysics, abstracts. Atomic Mineral Directorate Hyderabad, India, pp 12–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewers T, Ortoleva P (1991) Influences of clay minerals on sandstone cementation and pressure solution. Geology 19:1045–1048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dey S (2015) Geological history of the Kaladgi–Badami and Bhima basins, South India: sedimentation in a Proterozoic intracratonic setup. Geol Soc London Mem 43:283–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dey S, Gajapathi Rao R, Veerabhaskar D, Chaki A, Baidya TK (2008) Geochemistry of shales from the Proterozoic intracratonic Kaladgi–Badami basin, Karnataka, India as an indicator of palaeoweathering and evolution of the Dharwar craton. J Geol Soc India 71:483–501

  • Dey S, Rai AK, Chaki A (2009) Palaeoweathering, composition and tectonics of provenance of the Proterozoic intracratonic Kaladgi–Badami basin, Karnataka, southern India: evidence from sandstone petrography and geochemistry. J Asian Earth Sci 703–771

  • Drury MR, Humphreys FJ, White SH (1985) Large strain deformation studies using polycrystalline magnesium as a rock analogue. Part II: dynamic recrystallization mechanisms at high temperatures. Phys Earth Planet Inter 40:208–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap WJ, Hirth G, Teyssier C (1997) Thermomechanical evolution of a ductile duplex. Tectonics 16:983–1000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egydio-Silva M, Mainprice D (1999) Determination of stress directions from plagioclase fabrics in high grade deformed rocks (Além Paraı́ba shear zone, Ribeira fold belt, southeastern Brazil). J. Struct Geol. 21:1751–1771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flinn D (1956) On the deformation of the Funzie conglomerate, Fetlar, Shetland. J Geol 64:480–505. https://doi.org/10.1086/626380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flinn D (1962) On folding during three-dimensional progressive deformation. Quarterly J Geol Soc London 118:385–428. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.118.1.0385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foote (1876) Geological features of the southern Marhatta country and the adjacent districts. Mem Geol Surv India 12:1–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Gapais D (1989) Shear structures within deformed granites: mechanical and thermal indications. Geology 17:1144–1147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gates AE, Glover L (1989) Alleghanian tectono-thermal evolution of the dextral transcurrent hylas zone, Virginia Piedmont, USA. J Struct Geol 11:407–419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gifkins RC (1976) Grain boundary sliding and its accommodation during creep and superplasticity. Metall Trans A 7A:1225–1232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gowda MJC (1999) The biostratigraphy of the (Precambrian) Kaladgi Group, based on stromatolites, Karnataka. Abstract volume (Fieldworkshop on Integrated Evaluation of the Kaladgi and Bhima Basins). J Geol Soc India 35–36

  • Hegde G, Pujar GS, Bhimsen K, Gokhale NW (1994) The Kaladgi basin: a review. In: Ravindra BM, Ranganathan N (eds) Geo-Karnataka. Mysore Geological Department, Bangalore, Centenary, pp 216–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickman SH, Evans B (1995) Kinetics of pressure solution at halitesilica interfaces and intergranular clay films. J Geophys Res 100:13113–13132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hippertt JFM (1994) Grain boundary microstructures in micaceous quartzite: significance for fluid movement and deformation processes in low metamorphic grade shear zones. Geology 102:331–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs BE, Means WD, Williams PF (1976) An outline of structural geology. Wiley

  • Houseknecht DW (1988) Intergranular pressure solution in four quartzose sandstones. J Sediment Petrol 58:228–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu TC (1966) The characteristics of coaxial and noncoaxial strain paths. J Stain Anal 1:216–222. https://doi.org/10.1243/03093247 V013216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janney DE, Wenk HR (1994) Some typical microstructures in deformed rocks. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 175(1–2):201–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(94)91059-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayaprakash AV (2007) Purana Basins of Karnataka Mem. Geol Soc India 129:140

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayaprakash AV, Sundaram V, Hans SK, Mishra RN (1987) Geology of the Kaladgi–Badami Basin, Karnataka. Mem Geol Soc India 6:201–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji S (1998a) Deformation microstructure of natural plagioclase. In: Snoke A, Tullis J, Todd VR (eds) Fault related rocks – a photographic atlas. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, pp 276–277

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ji S (1998b) Kink bands and recrystallization in plagioclase. In: Snoke A, Tullis J, Todd VR (eds) Fault

    Google Scholar 

  • Kale VS, Phansalkar VG (1991) Purana basins of peninsular India: a review. Basin Res 3:1–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kale VS, Ghunkikar V, Thomas P, Peshwa VV (1996) Macrofacies architecture of the first transgressive suite along the southern margin of the Kaladgi Basin. J Geol Soc India 48:75–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Kale VS, Nair S, Patil S (1998) Testimony of intraformational limestone breccias on Lokapur–Simikeri disconformity, Kaladgi Basin. J. Geol. Soc. India 51:43–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalpana MS, Patil DJ, Dayal AM, Raju SV (2010) Near surface manifestation of hydrocarbons in Proterozoic Bhima and Kaladgi Basin: implication to hydrocarbon resource potential. J Geol Soc India 76:548–556

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanti M, Mukherjee MK, Das S, Modak K (2016) Basement–cover structural relationships in the Kaladgi Basin, southwestern India: indications towards a Mesoproterozoic gravity gliding of the cover along a detached unconformity. Precambrian Res 281:495–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni KG, Borkar VD (1997) Ichnogenus Palaeophycus Hall from the Bagalkot Group, Karnataka State. J Geol Soc India 49:215–220

  • Kulkarni KG, Borkar VD (1999) Trace fossils from the Kaladgi and Bhima Basis: A review. Abstract volume on fieldworkshop on integrated evaluation of the Kaladgi and Bhima Basins. J Geol Soc India 37–39

  • Mares VM, Kronenberg AK (1993) Experimental deformation of muscovite. J Struct Geol 15:1061–1075 0191-8141; Printed in Great Britain

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshak S, Mitra G (1988) Basic methods of structural geology. Englewood Cliffs N J, Prentice Hall

  • Mukherjee S (2011) Mineral fish: their morphological classification, usefulness as shear sense indicators and genesis. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 100:1303–1314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0535-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee MK (2013) Contrasting deformation geometry, kinematics and microstructures between the basement and the Mesoproterozoic cover rocks of the Kaladgi Basin, South-Western India: indications towards deformation of the cover by gravity gliding along a detached unconformity. In: Proceedings of the international conference on deformation mechanisms, rheology and tectonics (DRT), Leuven, Belgium, p 53

  • Mukherjee MK (2015) Basement-cover relations in the intracratonic Kaladgi basin, southwestern India: deformational evidence of a Mesoproterozoic gravity gliding of the cover over the basement. In: Siégel C, Verdel C, Rosenbaum G (eds) Riding the Wave: GSA Specialist Group in Tect and Struct. Geol. conference, Geol. Soc. Australia, vol 113, pp 104–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee MK, Das S, Modak K (2016) Basement–cover structural relationships in the Kaladgi Basin, southwestern India: indications towards a Mesoproterozoic gravity gliding of the cover along a detached unconformity. Precambrian Res 281:495–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2016.06.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishikawa O, Takeshita T (1999) Dynamic analysis and two types of kink bands in quartz veins deformed under subgreenschist conditions. Tectonophysics 301:21–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Passchier CW (1982) Mylonitic deformation in the Saint-Barthélemy Massif, French Pyrenees, with emphasis on the genetic relationship between ultramylonite and pseudotachylyte. GUA Pap Geol Ser 1(16):1–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillai PS, Kale VS (2011) Seismites in the Lokapur subgroup of the Proterozoic Kaladgi basin, South India: a testimony to synsedimentary tectonism. Sed Geol 240:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pryer LL (1993) Microstructures in feldspars from a major crustal thrust zone: the Grenville Front, Ontario, Canada. J Struct Geol 15:21–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pujar GS (1989) Geology of the area East of Manoli Belgaum district Karnataka state, Ph.D Thesis , Karnatak University, Dharwad

  • Pujar GS, Gokhale NW (1989) Bedding plane fault in the Kaladgi rocks, Basidoni, Belgaum district, Karnataka state. Curr Sci 56:1088–1089

    Google Scholar 

  • Puniya MK, Patel RC, Pant PD (2019) Structural and Thermochronological studies of the Almora Klippe, Kumaon, NW-India: implications for Crustal thickening and exhumation of the NW-Himalaya. Geol Soc London Spec Publ 481. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP481-2017-74

  • Ramsay JG (1967) Folding and fracturing of rocks. McGraw-Hill, New York

  • Ramsay JG, Huber MI (1987) The techniques of modern structural geology, volume 2. Folds and Fractures

  • Sathyanarayan S (1994) The younger Proterozoic Badami group, Northern Karnataka. In: Geo Karnataka. MGD Centenary, pp 227–233

  • Seifert KE (1964) The genesis of plagioclase twinning in the Nonewang granite. Am Mineral 49:297–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma M, Nair S, Patil S, Shukla M, Kale VS (1998) Tiny digitate stromatolite, Chitrabhanukot Formation, Kaladgi Basin, India. Curr Sci 74:360–365

  • Shigematsu N (1999) Dynamic recrystallization in deformed plagioclase during progressive shear deformation. Tectonophysics 305:437–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stesky RM, Brace WF, Riley DK, Robin PYF (1974) Friction in faulted rock at high temperature and pressure. Tectonophysics 23:177–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stesky RM (1978) Mechanisms of high temperature frictional sliding in westerly granite. Can J Earth Sci 15:361–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stipp M, Stünitz H, Heilbronner R, Schmid SM (2002) The eastern Tonale fault zone: a “natural laboratory” for crystal plastic deformation of quartz over a temperature range from 250 to 700 °C. J Struct Geol 24:1861–1884

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ten Grotenhuis SM, Trouw R, Passchier CW (2003) Evolution of mica fish in mylonitic rocks. Tectonophysics 372:1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trouw RA, Passchier CW, Wiersma DJ (2009) Atlas of Mylonites-and related microstructures. Springer Science and Business Media, New York

  • Tullis J, Yund RA (1980) Hydrolitic weakening of experimentally deformed westerly granite and Hale albite rock. J Struct Geol 2:439–451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tullis J, Yund AR (1987) Transition from cataclastic flow to dislocation creep of feldspar: mechanisms and microstructures. Geology 15(7):606–609. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<606:TFCFTD>2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tullis J, Yund RA (1991) Diffusion creep in feldspar aggregates: experimental evidence. J Struct Geol 13:987–1000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Daalen M, Heilbronner R, Kunze K (1999) Orientation analysis of localized shear deformation in quartz fibres at the brittle-ductile transition. Tectonophysics 303:83–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasanthi A, Mallick K (2006) Bauger gravity modeling of Kaladgi–Badami basin, Karnataka. J Geol Soc India 68:927–945

    Google Scholar 

  • Vishwanathaiah MN (1977) Lithostratigraphy of the Kaladgi and Badami Groups, Karnataka. Indian Min 18:122–132

    Google Scholar 

  • White SH (1976) The role of dislocation processes during tectonic deformation with special reference to quartz. In: Strens RJ (ed) The physics and chemistry of minerals and rocks. Wiley, London, pp 75–91

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Studies in Geology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India

    Anant Pujar, Marularadhya Hiremath & Sreenivasa Anjanappa

  2. National Geo-Technical Facility, Survey of India Poonch House, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

    Mohit Kumar Puniya

Authors
  1. Anant Pujar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohit Kumar Puniya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marularadhya Hiremath
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sreenivasa Anjanappa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anant Pujar.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: François Roure

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pujar, A., Puniya, M.K., Hiremath, M. et al. Study of structural, deformation temperature, and strain analysis of the quartzarenites of south-central Kaladgi basin, exposed at and around Mullur ghat and Kallur village of Belgaum district, Karnataka, India. Arab J Geosci 14, 744 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06915-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06915-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation