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Arsenic Speciation in Rice, Mechanisms and Associated Health Risk Through Rice Consumption in Various Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

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Abstract

Arsenic (As) is one of the toxic metalloids, therefore, can cause health risk in the consumers through consumption of contaminated food and rice. The current study focused on As speciation in rice, bioavailability, mechanisms and its potential human health risk. For this purpose, rice and soil samples were collected from 16 different districts (non-mining and mining sites) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan). Soil physicochemical characteristic such as texture, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), pH, iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) were determined. Total arsenic (AsT) concentrations were analyzed using ICP-MS, while the arsenite (As3+), arsenate (As5+), arsenobetine (BAs), dimethylarsenic (DMA) and monomethyl arsenic (MMA) were determined by HPLC–ICP-MS method. The highest AsT (0.28 mg/kg) was observed in the rice sample of DI Khan District and lowest (0.06 mg/kg) in Shangla District. However, these findings were found within the permissible limits set by various authorities. Furthermore, results showed higher concentrations of inorganic As (Asi) than organic As (Aso) species in rice. The estimated daily intake (EDI) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILTCR) were used to evaluate the potential human health risk for As consumption in rice. Results revealed that the rice samples collected from the district having mining activities had higher value of As (0.28 mg/kg of AsT) as compared to non-mining (0.072 mg/kg of AsT). The highest ILTCR value (0.00196) was observed for rice collected from mining districts. This study revealed that mining activities have great influence on the As contamination of soil and grown rice. This study recommends the use of geo-sorbents as soil amendments in districts having mining activities for the purpose to lower As availability in soil and its bioaccumulation in growing rice that will help to keep lower the potential risk.

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Acknowledgements

Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan and Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF) project no. PSF/NSLP/KP AWKUM (827) are highly acknowledged for financial support. While The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province (YSPTZX202205) and Research Initiation Fund of Hainan University (KYQD(ZR)20032).

Funding

This study was funded by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, Pakistan Science Foundation, Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province and Hainan University. China.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China

    Tasneem Sarwar, Sardar Khan & Qing Huang

  2. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan

    Tasneem Sarwar, Sardar Khan & Shehla Amin

  3. Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan

    Javed Nawab & Janas Khan

  4. National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan

    Said Muhammad

  5. Pak International Medical College, Hayatabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Adnan Sarwar

  6. Department of Medicine, Khyber Medical College Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Iqbal Haider

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  1. Tasneem Sarwar
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  2. Sardar Khan
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  3. Javed Nawab
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  4. Said Muhammad
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  6. Janas Khan
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  7. Adnan Sarwar
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  8. Iqbal Haider
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  9. Qing Huang
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Contributions

TS: Data collection, writing, methodology. SK & HQ: Supervision, editing, conceptualization. JN, IH & SM: Reviewing and Editing. SA, AS: data collection. JK: software, visualization.

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Correspondence to Sardar Khan, Javed Nawab or Qing Huang.

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Sarwar, T., Khan, S., Nawab, J. et al. Arsenic Speciation in Rice, Mechanisms and Associated Health Risk Through Rice Consumption in Various Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Expo Health 15, 299–313 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-022-00491-3

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