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Prepotent response inhibition and reaction times in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder from a Caribbean community

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ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders

Abstract

Impairment in inhibitory control has been postulated as an underlying hallmark of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which can be utilized as a quantitative trait for genetic studies. Here, we evaluate whether inhibitory control, measured by simple automatized prepotent response (PR) inhibition variables, is a robust discriminant function for the diagnosis of ADHD in children and can be used as an endophenotype for future genetic studies. One hundred fifty-two school children (30.9% female, 67.8% with ADHD) were recruited. The ADHD checklist was used as the screening tool, whilst the DSM-IV Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview, neurologic interview and neurologic examination, and the WISC III FSIQ test were administered as the gold standard procedure to assert ADHD diagnosis. A Go/No-Go task using a naturalistic and automatized visual signal was administered. A linear multifactor model (MANOVA) was fitted to compare groups including ADHD status, age, and gender as multiple independent factors. Linear discriminant analysis and the receiver operating characteristic curve were used to assess the predictive performance of PR inhibition variables for ADHD diagnosis. We found that four variables of prepotent response reaction time- and prepotent response inhibition established statistically significant differences between children with and without ADHD. Furthermore, these variables generated a strong discriminant function with a total classification capability of 73, 84% specificity, 68% sensitivity, and 90% positive predictive value for ADHD diagnosis, which support reaction times as a candidate endophenotype that could potentially be used in future ADHD genetic research.

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Acknowledgements

We express our highest appreciation to all families enrolled in this study. This study was financed by COLCIENCIAS, project “Fenotipos Complejos y Endofenotipos del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad y su Asociación con Genes Mayores y de Susceptibilidad,” Grant 1253-5453-1644, Contract RC 384-2011. The sponsor of the study has no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the paper. JIV thanks Dr. Fernando Marmolejo-Ramos from The University of Adelaide, Australia, for his advice and stimulant conversations on reaction times. GJF, JIV, and PJPR have full access to all the data in the study, and responsible for submitting this work for publication. The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work have been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and should not be construed to represent the views of any of the sponsoring organizations, agencies, or governments.

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    1. Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Laboratorio de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Calle 54 # 59 -189, Sede 1, Bloque C, Barranquilla, Colombia

      Giomar Jiménez-Figueroa, Carlos Ardila-Duarte, Johan E. Acosta-López, Martha L. Cervantes-Henríquez, Wilmar Pineda-Alhucema, Jeimys Cervantes-Gutiérrez, Marisol Quintero-Ibarra, Manuel Sánchez-Rojas & Pedro J. Puentes-Rozo

    2. Neuroscience Research Group, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia

      David A. Pineda & Jorge I. Vélez

    3. Neuropsychology and Conduct Research Group, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia

      David A. Pineda

    4. Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia

      Jorge I. Vélez

    5. Genomics and Predictive Medicine Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia

      Jorge I. Vélez

    6. Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Universidad Simón Bolívar-Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia

      Pedro J. Puentes-Rozo

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    None of the authors of this paper has a financial or personal relationship with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper. All individuals participated voluntarily, and provided informed written consent was obtained from all participants either directly or from their parents (in the case of children; <18 years old). This study was approved by The Ethics Committee of Universidad Simón Bolívar at Barranquilla, Colombia (Approval # 00032 of October 13, 2011).

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    Giomar Jiménez-Figueroa, Jorge I. Vélez and Pedro J. Puentes-Rozo have contributed equally to this work and should be considered first author.

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    Jiménez-Figueroa, G., Ardila-Duarte, C., Pineda, D.A. et al. Prepotent response inhibition and reaction times in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder from a Caribbean community. ADHD Atten Def Hyp Disord 9, 199–211 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-017-0223-z

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